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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Судебная медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2411-8729</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-4161</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">8270</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/fm8270</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>科学评论</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Identifying fake conclusions of forensic medical examinations using an artificial intelligence technology based on the experience in the Republic of Kazakhstan: a Review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>К вопросу выявления поддельных заключений судебно-медицинских экспертиз посредством применения технологии искусственного интеллекта по опыту Республики Казахстан: научный обзор</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>哈萨克斯坦共和国通过应用人工智能技术检测法医学鉴定虚假结论的经验：科学综述</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1763-1808</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5512-0338</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Voyevodkin</surname><given-names>Denis V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Воеводкин</surname><given-names>Денис Викторович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Voyevodkin</surname><given-names>Denis V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="KZ">Kazakhstan</country></address><email>voevodkin.denis@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4002-9815</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3793-6920</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rustemova</surname><given-names>Gauhar R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рустемова</surname><given-names>Гаухар Рустембековна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Rustemova</surname><given-names>Gauhar R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="KZ">Kazakhstan</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Jurisprud.), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р юр. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Dr. Sci. (Jurisprud.), Professor</p></bio><email>g.rustemova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6659-8576</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Begaliyev</surname><given-names>Yernar N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бегалиев</surname><given-names>Ернар Нурланович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Begaliyev</surname><given-names>Yernar N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="KZ">Kazakhstan</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Jurisprud.), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р юр. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Dr. Sci. (Jurisprud.), Professor</p></bio><email>ernar-begaliev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9436-7722</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Igembayev</surname><given-names>Kussain A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Игембаев</surname><given-names>Кусаин Абзалбекович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Igembayev</surname><given-names>Kussain A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="KZ">Kazakhstan</country></address><email>kussain-igembaev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3152-8531</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ayupova</surname><given-names>Zauresh N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аюпова</surname><given-names>Зауреш Нурлановна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Ayupova</surname><given-names>Zauresh N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="KZ">Kazakhstan</country></address><email>zauresh.ayupova@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Academy of Law Enforcement Agencies Under the General Prosecutors Office of the Republic of Kazakhstan</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Академия правоохранительных органов при Генеральной прокуратуре Республики Казахстан</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Academy of Law Enforcement Agencies Under the General Prosecutors Office of the Republic of Kazakhstan</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The Almaty Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Алматинская академия Министерства внутренних дел Республики Казахстан имени Макана Есбулатова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">The Almaty Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Akimat of Astana</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Акимат города Астаны</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Akimat of Astana</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2023-08-03" publication-format="electronic"><day>03</day><month>08</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-10-19" publication-format="electronic"><day>19</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>287</fpage><lpage>298</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-05-02"><day>02</day><month>05</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-06-28"><day>28</day><month>06</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2023, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2025-10-19"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/8270">https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/8270</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This review discusses the legal aspects on the use of mathematical statistics and machine learning (hereinafter referred to as artificial intelligence) in forensic activities to identify both expert errors and fake expert opinions.</p> <p>An attempt has been made to establish the criteria for evaluating conclusions of forensic examinations by determining their relevance, admissibility, reliability, and objectivity, as well as the objective possibility of distinguishing expert errors from deliberately false and fake expert opinions.</p> <p>A SWOT analysis on the use of artificial intelligence was carried out to solve the issue of its application in the field under consideration, which revealed its advantages, and disadvantages.</p> <p>The use of mathematical statistics and machine learning methods is not a universal method to identify fakes in expert opinions. However, given that this method can give both false-positive and false-negative results, its outcomes should be verified by independent experts. In addition, to effectively prevent the facts of falsification, comprehensive measures should be taken, including not only the detection of manipulations but also the prevention of the possibility of their occurrence, as well as the punishment of the perpetrators. Thus, this review proposed several amendments and additions to the current legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В статье рассматриваются существующие классификации экспертных ошибок, меры ответственности за их совершение, а также правовые аспекты применения математической статистики и машинного обучения (далее ― искусственный интеллект) в судебно-экспертной деятельности для выявления как экспертных ошибок, так и поддельных заключений экспертиз.</p> <p>Предпринята попытка установления критериев оценки заключений судебных экспертиз в части определения их относимости, допустимости, достоверности и объективности, а также объективной возможности отличия экспертных ошибок от заведомо ложных и поддельных заключений экспертиз.</p> <p>Проведён SWOT-анализ использования искусственного интеллекта для решения вопроса о его применении в рассматриваемой сфере, по итогам которого выявлены преимущества и недостатки такого использования.</p> <p>Метод математической статистики и машинного обучения не является универсальным способом выявления подделок в экспертных заключениях, вместе с тем, учитывая, что этот метод может давать как ложноположительные, так и ложноотрицательные результаты, его результаты должны быть проверены независимыми экспертами. Кроме того, для эффективной профилактики фактов фальсификации сделан вывод о необходимости принятия комплексных мер, включающих в себя не только выявление манипуляций, но и предотвращение возможности их возникновения, а также наказание виновных. В этих целях авторами предложен ряд изменений и дополнений в действующее законодательство Республики Казахстан.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>本文探讨了专家失误的现有分类、失误责任的衡量标准，以及在法医学活动中应用数理统计和机器学习（以下简称人工智能）来识别专家失误和鉴定虚假结论的法律问题。</p> <p>我们尝试了制定评价法医专家结论的标准，以确定其关联性、可接受性、可靠性和客观性，以及区分专家失误与故作虚伪和鉴定虚假结论的客观可能性。</p> <p>对人工智能的使用进行了SWOT分析，以解决在所考虑的领域应用人工智能的问题，从而确定了使用人工智能的优点和缺点。</p> <p>数理统计和机器学习方法并不是检测检测鉴定虚假结论的通用方法，同时，鉴于这种方法既可能给出假阳性结果，也可能给出假阴性结果，其结果应由独立专家进行验证。此外，为了有效防止伪造事实，作者得出结论，有必要采取综合措施，其中不仅包括发现操纵行为，还包括防止其发生的可能性，以及惩罚肇事者。为此，作者建议对哈萨克斯坦共和国现行法律进行一系列修订和补充。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>expert opinion</kwd><kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd><kwd>forgery</kwd><kwd>falsification</kwd><kwd>expert errors</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>заключение эксперта</kwd><kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd><kwd>подделка</kwd><kwd>фальсификация</kwd><kwd>экспертные ошибки</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>专家结论</kwd><kwd>人工智能</kwd><kwd>伪造</kwd><kwd>篡改</kwd><kwd>专家失误</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated July 7, 2020 No. 360-VI of the ZRK «On health and the healthcare system» [Electronic resource]. 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