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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Судебная медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2411-8729</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-4161</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">757</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/fm757</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Case reports</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Экспертная практика</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>临床病例报告</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Blind penetrating wound of the skull by a nail</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Слепое проникающее ранение черепа гвоздём</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>用钉子造成的穿入伤</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6471-6532</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9631-3040</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mechukaev</surname><given-names>Alihan A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мечукаев</surname><given-names>Алихан Азретович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Mechukaev</surname><given-names>Alihan A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><email>aliimech@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7249-401X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8549-3999</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sarakaeva</surname><given-names>Aminat Z.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Саракаева</surname><given-names>Аминат Зейтуновна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Sarakaeva</surname><given-names>Aminat Z.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><email>sarakaeva2015@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Бюро судебно-медицинской экспертизы</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kabardino-Balkarian State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Кабардино-Балкарский государственный университет имени Х.М. Бербекова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Kabardino-Balkarian State University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2023-02-09" publication-format="electronic"><day>09</day><month>02</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-03-06" publication-format="electronic"><day>06</day><month>03</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>79</fpage><lpage>85</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-11-03"><day>03</day><month>11</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-12-27"><day>27</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2023,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2025-03-06"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/757">https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/757</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>When investigating various crimes, suicides, and accidents, the question of the capabilities of the human body to preserve vital functions in the presence of an injury may be important. Of particular difficulty is the issue whether a person could perform independent actions despite having a severe brain injury. Thus, the accumulation of practical expert and clinical observations characterizing the body’s capability to perform active targeted actions despite the presence of fatal wounds in various organs is of considerable practical interest.</p> <p>This study described the morphological features of damage to head structures in a patient hit by a building fastener (a metal nail, 15 cm long) into the cranial cavity. The morphological changes in the anatomical structures along the wound channel had typical features: perforated fractures of the skull with a cone-shaped expanding defect of the inner walls of the perforated fracture. Brain structures were damaged along the wound channel. The stab wound was blind. The possibility of performing complex independent actions in the case of fatal brain damage is possible only with a comprehensive assessment of forensic medical examination data of the corpse and case materials.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>При расследовании различных преступлений, самоубийств и несчастных случаев вопрос о возможностях человеческого организма к сохранению жизненных функций при том или ином повреждении может иметь принципиальное значение. Особую сложность представляет вопрос о способности совершать самостоятельные действия при тяжёлой травме головного мозга. Вот почему накопление практических экспертных и клинических наблюдений, характеризующих возможности организма к активным целенаправленным действиям при смертельных ранениях различных органов, представляет значительный практический интерес.</p> <p>В статье описаны морфологические особенности повреждения структур головы путём вбивания в полость черепа строительного крепёжного элемента ― металлического гвоздя длиной 15 см. Характер морфологических изменений анатомических структур по ходу раневого канала имел типичные черты: колотая рана с небольшой зоной повреждения и относительно ровными краями; дырчатые переломы костей черепа с конусообразно расширяющимся дефектом внутренних стенок. По ходу раневого канала были повреждены структуры головного мозга. Колотое ранение носило слепой характер.</p> <p>Решение вопроса, связанного с установлением возможности совершать сложные самостоятельные действия при смертельном повреждении головного мозга, допустимо только при комплексной оценке данных судебно-медицинской экспертизы трупа и материалов дела.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>调查各种罪行、自杀和意外事故时，与人体在受到某种伤害的情况下维持重要功能的能力 有关的问题会具有决定意义。最复杂的问题是在受到大脑的严重伤害的情况下，是否能独立行动。正因为如此，实践专家和临床的观察积累具有很大的实际意义，这些观察描述了身体在各种器官的致命伤中进行积极的、有目的的动作能力。</p> <p>在本文章中描述了将建筑固定构件（15厘米长的金属钉子）打入颅腔的对头部结构造成的损害形态学特征。沿着伤口道的解剖结构的形态变化特性具有典型特征：刺伤，损伤面积小，边缘相对平坦；颅骨穿孔性骨折，内壁有锥状增宽缺陷。沿着伤口道损害了大脑结构。刺伤不是穿透的。</p> <p>只有对尸体的法医学鉴定和案件材料进行全面评估，才能确定一个人在发生致命性脑损伤的情况下是否能进行复杂独立动作。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>nail</kwd><kwd>expert case</kwd><kwd>ability to take active action</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гвоздь</kwd><kwd>экспертный случай</kwd><kwd>способность к активным действиям</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>钉子</kwd><kwd>专家案例</kwd><kwd>进行积极动作的能力</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burmatov AP. 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