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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Судебная медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2411-8729</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-4161</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">753</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/fm753</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original study articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>原创研究</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Leading causes of death in older people and old age according to medical certificates of death in Moscow</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Ведущие причины смерти в пожилом и старческом возрасте по данным медицинских свидетельств о смерти в Московской области</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>根据莫斯科州的死亡医学证明，老年人死亡的主要原因</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6033-5564</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kakorina</surname><given-names>Ekaterina P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Какорина</surname><given-names>Екатерина Петровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kakorina</surname><given-names>Ekaterina P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p></bio><email>kakorina@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9320-1503</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6470-5709</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Samorodskaya</surname><given-names>Irina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Самородская</surname><given-names>Ирина Владимировна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Samorodskaya</surname><given-names>Irina V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p></bio><email>samor2000@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0227-8076</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Cherniavskaia</surname><given-names>Tatiana K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чернявская</surname><given-names>Татьяна Константиновна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Cherniavskaia</surname><given-names>Tatiana K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><email>corona1974@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский областной научно-исследовательский клинический институт имени М.Ф. Владимирского</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The First Sechenov Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Institute of Leadership and Health Care Management</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет), Институт лидерства и управления здравоохранением</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">The First Sechenov Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Institute of Leadership and Health Care Management</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр терапии и профилактической медицины</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2023-02-09" publication-format="electronic"><day>09</day><month>02</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-03-06" publication-format="electronic"><day>06</day><month>03</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>29</fpage><lpage>40</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-09-16"><day>16</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-10-18"><day>18</day><month>10</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2023,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2025-03-06"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/753">https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/753</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold><italic>BACKGROUND</italic></bold><italic>: </italic>The proportion of older people is increasing worldwide. Leading causes of death must be understood for the organization of medical and social care.</p> <p><bold><italic>AIM</italic></bold><italic>: </italic>This study aimed to identify and discuss the leading causes of death in older people and old age based on data from medical death certificates.</p> <p><bold><italic>MATERIAL AND METHODS</italic></bold><italic>: </italic>From the electronic database of the Main Department of the Civil Registry Office of the Moscow Region (the system of the Unified State Register of Civil Status Records), all cases in which diseases were indicated as the initial cause of death (all codes of external causes, injuries, and poisoning were excluded) were selected. From a total of 109,126 deceased individuals, 90,269 (82.7%) were ≥60 years old. Eighteen groups of initial causes of death were made (95.2% of deaths from diseases); 40,442 (44.8%) medical death certificates were issued by the Bureau of Forensic Medicine.</p> <p><bold><italic>RESULTS</italic></bold><italic>:</italic> Five leading causes of death were COVID-19 (24.2%), pathologies associated with cognitive impairment and dementia (21.15%; aged 60–69 years, 6.02%; aged ≥100 years, 63.5%), chronic ischemic heart disease (18.6%), malignant neoplasms (10.7%; aged 60–69 years, 16.7%; aged ≥100 years, 1.46%), and acute cerebrovascular accident (6.2%). The contribution of causes such as acute forms of coronary artery disease, stroke, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, COVID-19, and others is low in older people. Only 30% of the medical death certificates have their part II completed. The probability of filling out part II of the medical death certificate is influenced by age, place of death, place of issuance of the medical death certificates (in the Bureau of Forensic Medicine less than in other medical organizations), and teaching staff. With age, the proportion of MCAs issued by the Bureau of Forensic Medicine is increasing. Medical death certificates often use codes that are not analogous to clinical diagnoses.</p> <p><bold><italic>CONCLUSION</italic></bold><italic>:</italic> The contribution of individual causes (and groups of causes) of death changes with age. For a better understanding of the leading causes of death, a multidisciplinary consensus is needed in determining the criteria and validity of the use of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Health-Related Problems, Tenth revision, codes.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold><italic>Обоснование</italic></bold><italic>. </italic>В мире растёт доля людей пожилого возраста. Для организации медицинской и социальной помощи необходимо понимание ведущих причин смерти в пожилом возрасте.</p> <p><bold><italic>Цель исследования</italic></bold> ― определение и обсуждение ведущих причин смерти от заболеваний в пожилом и старческом возрасте на основании данных медицинских свидетельств о смерти.</p> <p><bold><italic>Материалы и методы</italic></bold><italic>. </italic>Из электронной базы данных Главного управления ЗАГС Московской области (система Единого государственного реестра записей актов гражданского состояния) отобраны все случаи, в которых в качестве первоначальной причины смерти указаны заболевания (исключены все коды внешних причин, травм и отравлений) ― всего 109 126 случаев, из них 90 269 (82,7%) лиц в возрасте 60 лет и старше. Сформировано 18 групп первоначальных причин смерти (95,2% смертей от заболеваний); 40 442 (44,8%) медицинских свидетельства о смерти выдано Бюро судебно-медицинской экспертизы; всего умерших в стационаре, дома и в другом месте ― 50; 35,7 и 14,3% соответственно.</p> <p><bold><italic>Результаты</italic></bold><italic>.</italic> Определены 5 ведущих групп причин смерти: COVID-19 (24,2%); группа патологий, связанных с когнитивными нарушениями и деменцией (21,15%; минимум в возрасте 60–69 лет ― 6,02%, максимум в возрасте 100 лет и старше ― 63,5%); хроническая ишемическая болезнь сердца (18,6%); злокачественные новообразования (10,7%; максимум в возрасте 60–69 лет ― 16,7%, минимум в возрасте 100 лет и старше ― 1,46%); острое нарушение мозгового кровообращения (6,2%). В старческом возрасте, по сравнению с пожилым, меньше вклад таких причин, как острые формы ишемической болезни сердца, острое нарушение мозгового кровообращения, артериальная гипертензия, сахарный диабет, COVID-19 и др. Только в 30% медицинских свидетельств о смерти заполнена часть II: на вероятность её заполнения влияют возраст, место смерти, место выдачи свидетельства (в Бюро судебно-медицинской экспертизы реже, чем в других медицинских организациях), а также первоначальная причина смерти. С возрастом растёт доля медицинских свидетельств о смерти, выданных Бюро судебно-медицинской экспертизы. При заполнении такого документа часто используют коды, которые не имеют аналогов клинических диагнозов.</p> <p><bold><italic>Заключение</italic></bold><italic>. </italic>Вклад отдельных причин (и групп причин) смерти изменяется с возрастом. Для лучшего понимания ведущих причин смерти необходим мультидисциплинарный консенсус в определении критериев и обоснованности применения части кодов Международной статистической классификации болезней и проблем, связанных со здоровьем, Десятого пересмотра.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>论证。世界上老年人口比例逐渐提高。为了开展医疗和社会的救助工作，要理解老年人的主要死亡原因。</p> <p>研究目的是在死亡医学证明的基础上确定和讨论老年人的主要死亡原因。</p> <p>材料和方法。从莫斯科州民事登记处总管理局的电子数据库（统一出生死亡结婚登记国家登记簿的系统）中挑选所以疾病列为根本死因的案例（排除了任何关于外源性死亡、损伤和中毒的编码），一共有109126个案例，其中90269个（82.7%）是60岁及以上的老人。组织了18组根本死因（95,2%是病死的）；40442个（44,8%）医疗证明是法医鉴定中心签发的；一共在医院、家里和其他地方死亡的人数分别为50%，35.7%和14.3%。</p> <p>结果。确定了5个主要死亡原因组：COVID-19（24,2%）；与认识障碍和失智症有关的病理（21,15%；在60-69岁的人中为6.02%，是最低的；在100岁及以上的人中为63.5%，是最高的）；慢性心脏缺血（18,6%）；恶性肿瘤（10,7%；在60-69岁的人中为16.7%，是最高的；在100岁及以上的人中为1.46%，是最低的）；急性脑血管意外病变（6,2%）。与60-74岁的人相比，在老年中以一些死亡原因是比较少见的：急性冠心病、急性脑出血、动脉高血压、糖尿病、COVID-19等。只医疗证明的30%包括填好的第二部分，填写的可能性受年龄、死亡地点、出具证明的地点（在法医鉴定中心出具的比在其他医疗机构出具的更少）和根本死因的影响。随着年龄的增长，法医鉴定中心法医局签发的医学死亡证明的比例提高。填写这种文件时经常使用没有临床诊断对应的编码。</p> <p>结论。一些原因（原因组）的比例随着年龄会变更。为了更好地了解主要死因，必须在疾病和有关健康问题国际统计分类（第10版)代码部分的标准确定和应用理由的方面达成多学科共识。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>medical death certificate</kwd><kwd>underlying cause of death</kwd><kwd>coronary heart disease</kwd><kwd>malignant neoplasms</kwd><kwd>acute cerebrovascular accident</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>медицинское свидетельство о смерти</kwd><kwd>первоначальная причина смерти</kwd><kwd>ишемическая болезнь сердца</kwd><kwd>злокачественные новообразования</kwd><kwd>острое нарушение мозгового кровообращения</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>死亡医学证明</kwd><kwd>根本死因</kwd><kwd>心脏缺血</kwd><kwd>恶性肿瘤</kwd><kwd>脑血管意外病变</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Georgiopoulos GA, Lambrinoudaki I, Athanasouli F, et al. 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