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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Судебная медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2411-8729</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-4161</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">7512</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/fm7512</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original study articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>原创研究</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Morphological study of fly-ash block under angular impact of 9 mm projectile</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Морфологическое исследование газобетонных блоков при ударном воздействии 9-миллиметрового снаряда под разными углами</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>9mm弹丸角度冲击下的飞灰块形态研究</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4749-1622</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Singh</surname><given-names>Malika</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сингх</surname><given-names>Малика</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Singh</surname><given-names>Malika</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IN">India</country></address><email>singhmalika98@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5514-953X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rohatgi</surname><given-names>Dr. Richa</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рохатги</surname><given-names>Рича</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Rohatgi</surname><given-names>Dr. Richa</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IN">India</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Assistant Professor</p></bio><email>rrohatgi2020@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8442-1096</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kumar</surname><given-names>Saurabh</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кумар</surname><given-names>Саураб</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kumar</surname><given-names>Saurabh</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IN">India</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><email>saurabh.kumar@nfsu.ac.in</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3829-3155</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gupta</surname><given-names>Dr Sanjay</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гупта</surname><given-names>Санджай</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Gupta</surname><given-names>Dr Sanjay</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IN">India</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p></bio><email>drsanjaymdfm@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">LNJN NICFS National Forensic Sciences University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный институт криминологии и судебной экспертизы</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">LNJN NICFS National Forensic Sciences University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Forensic Sciences University – Ballistics Research Centre &amp; Testing Range</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный университет судебных наук ― Исследовательский центр баллистики и испытательный полигон</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">National Forensic Sciences University – Ballistics Research Centre &amp; Testing Range</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Department of Forensic Medicine &amp; Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Отделение судебной медицины и токсикологии Всеиндийского института медицинских наук</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Department of Forensic Medicine &amp; Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2023-09-28" publication-format="electronic"><day>28</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-10-19" publication-format="electronic"><day>19</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>255</fpage><lpage>266</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-04-26"><day>26</day><month>04</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-08-02"><day>02</day><month>08</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2023, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2025-10-19"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/7512">https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/7512</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold><italic>BACKGROUND: </italic></bold>Concrete structures utilized in protective buildings such as ammunition depots and bunkers are susceptible to missile impacts, necessitating a comprehensive ballistic assessment involving penetration and perforation mechanics. Most of the empirical and analytical models for projectile penetration in concrete primarily focus on determining the penetration depth, scabbing, and perforation thicknesses. Concrete structures subjected to firearm attacks exhibit distinct fracture modes that can aid in identifying the firearm used and potential firing locations.</p> <p><bold><italic>AIM: </italic></bold>This study aims to comprehend the effects of the angular firing of a 9 mm full metal jacketed projectile on aerated concrete blocks, fired from a 5 m range. The goal is to generate hypotheses and conclusions based solely on the observable damage resulting from bullet impacts. A meticulous analysis of the incurred damages can unveil a range of possibilities.</p> <p><bold><italic>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</italic></bold> The sample comprised 12 aerated concrete blocks, each subject to 9×19 mm bullets fired from four different angles: 0°, 15°, 30°, and 45°. The relationship between impact angle and entry hole dimensions was established using the best-fit ellipse method.</p> <p><bold><italic>RESULTS: </italic></bold>Examination of the fracture pattern revealed significant damage at both entry and exit holes for a 0° impact angle. As the impact angle increased, the exit hole diameter progressively decreased, culminating in no perforation at a 45° angle. This trend correlated with fracture patterns near entry and exit holes, along with energy dissipation at the impact site corresponding to the impact angle.</p> <p><bold><italic>CONCLUSION:</italic></bold> A trend was observed between projectile energy loss upon impact and resultant damage to aerated concrete block surfaces. Analysis of aerated concrete block components deposited on the bullets, including rifling details, can help link them to the gunshot openings and firearms recovered at crime scenes.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Бетонные конструкции, используемые в защитных сооружениях, таких как склады боеприпасов и бункеры, подвержены ракетным ударам, что требует проведения комплексной баллистической оценки, включающей механизмы проникания и перфорации. Большинство эмпирических и аналитических моделей проникания снарядов в бетон направлены, прежде всего, на определение глубины проникания, скалывания и толщины перфорации. В бетонных конструкциях, подвергшихся огневому воздействию, наблюдаются различные типы разрушений, которые помогут с идентификацией использованного огнестрельного оружия и возможных огневых позиций.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> ― изучить особенности огневого воздействия на газобетонные блоки 9-миллиметрового снаряда в цельнометаллической оболочке, выпущенного с дистанции 5 м под разными углами. Задача состоит в том, чтобы сформировать гипотезы и выводы, основанные исключительно на наблюдаемых повреждениях, возникающих в результате попадания пули. Тщательный анализ полученных повреждений может дать много полезной информации.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> В исследовании использованы 12 газобетонных блоков, в каждый из которых были выпущены пули калибра 9×19 мм под четырьмя различными углами (0°, 15°, 30°, 45°). Зависимость между углом встречи пули с преградой и размером входного отверстия определяли методом подгонки эллипса.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Изучение картины разрушений показало, что при угле встречи 0° имелись значительные повреждения как на входном, так и выходном отверстиях. С увеличением угла встречи диаметр выходного отверстия постепенно уменьшался, и в итоге при угле 45° перфорация полностью отсутствовала. Эта тенденция коррелирует с характером разрушений вблизи входного и выходного отверстий, а также с рассеиванием энергии в точке удара, соответствующей углу встречи.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Отмечена тенденция между потерей энергии снаряда при ударе и последующим повреждением поверхности газобетонных блоков. Анализ частиц газобетонного блока, оставшихся на пулях, а также деталей нарезки поможет в определении характеристик огнестрельных отверстий и огнестрельного оружия, обнаруженного на месте преступления.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>论证。弹药库和地堡等防护建筑中使用的混凝土结构很容易受到导弹的冲击，因此有必要进行涉及穿透和射孔力学的综合弹道评估。弹丸穿透混凝土的大多数经验和分析模型主要侧重于确定穿透深度、碎甲和射孔厚度。受到火器攻击的混凝土结构会表现出不同的断裂模式，这有助于确定所使用的火器和潜在的发射位置。</p> <p>目的。本研究旨在了解从5m射程内发射的9mm全金属护套弹丸角度冲击对AAC块的影响。目的是仅根据子弹撞击造成的可观察到的损坏来提出假设和结论。对造成的损坏进行细致分析可以发掘一系列机会。</p> <p>材料和方法。样品由12块AAC块组成，每块都受到从0°、15°、30°和45°四个不同角度发射的9×19mm子弹的打击。采用最佳拟合椭圆法确定了撞击角度与弹孔尺寸之间的关系。</p> <p>结果。对断裂模式的检查发现了，在0°的冲击角下，入口和出口孔都有明显的损坏。随着冲击角度的增大，出口孔直径逐渐减小，最终在45°角下没有射孔。这一趋势与入口和出口孔附近的断裂模式相关以及与冲击角度相对应的冲击部位的能量耗散相关。</p> <p>结论。观察到弹丸冲击时能量损失与AAC块表面受损之间的趋势。对沉积在子弹上的AAC块状部件（包括膛线细节）进行分析，有助于将它们与犯罪现场发现的枪眼和枪支联系起来。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>forensic ballistics</kwd><kwd>9 mm projectile</kwd><kwd>fly ash</kwd><kwd>trajectory</kwd><kwd>perforation</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>криминалистическая баллистика</kwd><kwd>9-миллиметровый снаряд</kwd><kwd>газобетонные блоки</kwd><kwd>траектория, перфорация</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>法医弹道学鉴定</kwd><kwd>9mm的弹丸</kwd><kwd>飞灰</kwd><kwd>弹道</kwd><kwd>射孔</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heard B. 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