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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Судебная медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2411-8729</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-4161</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">742</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/fm742</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original study articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>原创研究</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Morphological signs of fatal acute general cold injury in the air</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Морфологические признаки смертельной острой общей холодовой травмы на воздухе</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>空气中致命性急性全身性冷伤的形态特征</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3443-7908</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2822-8027</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chudakov</surname><given-names>Alexandr Y.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чудаков</surname><given-names>Александр Юрьевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Chudakov</surname><given-names>Alexandr Y.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p></bio><email>chief.chudakow@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7841-0913</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1110-0515</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bozhchenko</surname><given-names>Alexandr P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Божченко</surname><given-names>Александр Петрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Bozhchenko</surname><given-names>Alexandr P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor</p></bio><email>bozhchenko@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5282-7219</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3622-5270</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khrustaleva</surname><given-names>Yulia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хрусталева</surname><given-names>Юлия Александровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Khrustaleva</surname><given-names>Yulia A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor</p></bio><email>khrustaleva-julia@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5893-520X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5794-9030</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tolmachev</surname><given-names>Igor A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Толмачев</surname><given-names>Игорь Анатольевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Tolmachev</surname><given-names>Igor A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p></bio><email>5154324@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg University of the Ministry of the Interior of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский университет Министерства внутренних дел Российской Федерации</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Saint Petersburg University of the Ministry of the Interior of the Russian Federation</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kirov Military medical academy</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Военно-медицинская академия имени С.М. Кирова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Kirov Military medical academy</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2022-10-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>10</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-11-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>11</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>47</fpage><lpage>55</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-07-20"><day>20</day><month>07</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-09-27"><day>27</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2022, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2025-01-01"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/742">https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/742</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold><italic>BACKGROUND</italic></bold><italic>: </italic>Cold trauma is one of the leading causes of violent death in the Russian Federation due to the peculiarities of its geographical location. The pathophysiological processes occurring in the human body during hypothermia remain insufficiently studied despite a large number of studies, and quantitative characteristics of diagnostic signs most often used in expert practice are not precise.</p> <p><bold><italic>AIMS</italic></bold><italic>: </italic>To clarify and supplement the complex characteristic and pathognomonic macro- and microscopic signs of fatal acute general cold injury</p> <p><bold><italic>MATERIAL AND METHODS</italic></bold><italic>: </italic>Morphological signs of death from general hypothermia were analyzed based on the materials of forensic medical examinations concerning 460 corpses of people who died from hypothermia in the air using descriptive statistics, content-, and formal-logical methods.</p> <p><bold><italic>RESULTS</italic></bold><italic>: </italic>The macro- and microscopic signs of cold injury have been clarified, supplemented, and systematized. A quantitative assessment of the frequency of occurrence (detectability) of diagnostically significant signs, most often used in expert practice, is given. The main signs of death from general hypothermia include ischemia of the “shell” in combination with fullness and edema of the “core” of the body, blood thickening with coagulations, micro- and macrothrombosis with hemorrhages into internal organs (brain, brain membranes, heart, lungs, kidneys, stomach, etc.), spasm (rigor mortis) of various muscle groups, and trophic and necrotic changes in internal organs.</p> <p><bold><italic>CONCLUSION</italic></bold><italic>: </italic>The revealed signs of death from general acute deep hypothermia in the air expand the existing ideas about the complex characters and pathognomonic signs in this type of injury and allows reliable differential diagnosis of the cause of death during the forensic examination of a corpse.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold><italic>Обоснование</italic></bold><italic>. </italic>В Российской Федерации в силу особенностей её географического положения холодовая травма занимает одно из ведущих мест в структуре насильственной смерти. Несмотря на большое количество исследований, остаются недостаточно изученными патофизиологические процессы, происходящие в организме человека при гипотермии, в том числе отсутствуют точные количественные характеристики диагностических признаков, наиболее часто используемых в экспертной практике.</p> <p><bold><italic>Цель исследования</italic></bold> ― уточнить и дополнить комплекс характерных и патогномоничных макро- и микроскопических признаков смертельной острой общей холодовой травмы.</p> <p><bold><italic>Материал и методы</italic></bold><italic>.</italic> По материалам судебно-медицинских экспертиз в отношении 460 трупов людей, умерших от переохлаждения на воздухе, проанализированы морфологические признаки смерти от общего переохлаждения. Использованы методы описательной статистики, содержательно- и формально-логические методы.</p> <p><bold><italic>Результаты</italic></bold><italic>. </italic>Уточнены, дополнены и систематизированы макро- и микроскопические признаки холодовой травмы. Дана количественная оценка частоты встречаемости (выявляемости) диагностически значимых признаков, наиболее часто используемых в экспертной практике. Установлено, что главные признаки смерти от общего переохлаждения включают ишемию «оболочки» в сочетании с полнокровием и отёком «ядра» тела, сгущение крови со свёртками, микро- и макротромбоз с кровоизлияниями во внутренние органы (головной мозг, оболочки мозга, сердце, лёгкие, почки, желудок и т.д.), спазмирование (окоченение) различных групп мышц, трофические и некротические изменения во внутренних органах.</p> <p><bold><italic>Заключение</italic></bold><italic>.</italic> Выявленные признаки смерти от общего острого глубокого переохлаждения на воздухе расширяют имеющиеся представления о комплексе характерных и патогномоничных признаков при данном виде травмы и позволяют надёжно проводить дифференциальную диагностику причины смерти при производстве судебно-медицинской экспертизы трупа.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>论证由于地理位置的特殊性，在俄罗斯联邦冷伤在暴力死结构中占据主导地位之一。尽管有大量的研究，但对低体温时人体中发生的病理生理过程的研究仍然不足，包括缺乏专家实践中最常用的诊断征候的精确定量特性。</p> <p>本研究的目的是阐明和补充致命性急性全身冷伤的特征性和宏观和微观体征的综合。</p> <p>材料与方法。根据对460具在空中因体温过低而死亡的人的尸体进行的法医鉴定资料，分析了一般低温死亡的形态特征。使用描述性统计方法、内容和形式逻辑方法。</p> <p>结果。对冷伤的宏观和微观征候进行了详细说明、补充和系统化。给出了专家实践中最常用的诊断相关证候的出现频度（可探测性）的定量评估。已经确定，全身体温过低导致的主要死亡迹象包括“外壳”缺血，包括多血症和身体“核心”浮肿，血浓缩并伴有凝块，微血栓和大血栓与内部器官（大脑、脑膜、心脏、肺、肾脏、胃等）的出血，各种肌肉群的痉挛（僵硬），内脏器官的营养性和坏死性变化。</p> <p>结论。所查明的般急性深低温导致的死亡迹象扩大了对此类创伤的特征和病理迹象的现有想法，并允许在尸体的法医学鉴定期间对死因进行可靠的鉴别诊断。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>accidental hypothermia</kwd><kwd>frostbite</kwd><kwd>hypothermia</kwd><kwd>forensic medical examination</kwd><kwd>cold injury</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>акцидентальная гипотермия</kwd><kwd>отморожение</kwd><kwd>переохлаждение</kwd><kwd>судебно-медицинская экспертиза</kwd><kwd>холодовая травма</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>意外体温过低</kwd><kwd>冻疮</kwd><kwd>过冷却</kwd><kwd>法医学鉴定</kwd><kwd>冷伤</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pigolkin YI, Solodovnikov VI, Kislov MA, Oganesyan NS. 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