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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Судебная медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2411-8729</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-4161</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">717</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/fm717</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Case reports</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Экспертная практика</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>临床病例报告</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Skull injury due to atypical firearm: a case report</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Повреждение черепа при выстреле из атипичного огнестрельного оружия: случай из практики</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>非典型枪支射击中颅骨损伤：实践案例</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6106-1806</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1298-4821</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Siamionau</surname><given-names>Viachaslau V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семёнов</surname><given-names>Вячеслав Владимирович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Siamionau</surname><given-names>Viachaslau V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="BY">Belarus</country></address><email>vjach_ws@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9240-2661</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2088-8111</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsiatsiuyeu</surname><given-names>Andrei M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тетюев</surname><given-names>Андрей Михайлович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Tsiatsiuyeu</surname><given-names>Andrei M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="BY">Belarus</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci (Med.), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., доцент</p></bio><email>atetyuev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Belarusian State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Белорусский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Belarusian State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2022-08-26" publication-format="electronic"><day>26</day><month>08</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-09-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>81</fpage><lpage>89</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-04-18"><day>18</day><month>04</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-08-02"><day>02</day><month>08</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Siamionau V.V., Tsiatsiuyeu A.M.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Семёнов В.В., Тетюев А.М.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2022, Siamionau V., Tsiatsiuyeu A.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Siamionau V.V., Tsiatsiuyeu A.M.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Семёнов В.В., Тетюев А.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Siamionau V., Tsiatsiuyeu A.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2025-01-01"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/717">https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/717</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold><italic>BACKGROUND: </italic></bold>Injuries from atypical firearms are highly variable in their morphology and often differ from typical gunshot injuries. This can lead to problems in forensic diagnostics. Knowledge of the atypical weapons design and discovery of atypical projectiles inside a body or at crime scene allows proper injury nature assessment.</p> <p><bold><italic>CASE PRESENTATION: </italic></bold>The morphological features of the entrance and exit gunshot wounds of the occipital and frontal bones caused by an atypical projectile ― a concrete nail 4.5×60 mm are described. The entrance gunshot injury had typical morphological features associated with the specific action of the projectile (a tissue defect, internal beveling of wound). The exit wound was atypical due to the incomplete exit of the concrete nail from the cranial cavity, as well as the anatomical features of the damaged area.</p> <p><bold><italic>CONCLUSION:</italic> </bold>Atypical firearms and projectiles are diverse and their samples may have many unique designs and technological features knowledge of which may be crucial for forensic examination of gunshot injuries. A comprehensive medico-legal assessment of the injury gunshot nature and the number of shots is traditionally based on the injury morphology and revealing the gunshot residues. However, the presence of projectiles and/or their fragments in the body facilitates the solving of expert tasks. In our case the key to the correct interpretation of the wounds nature was the presence in the skull of an atypical projectile ― a concrete-nail.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold><italic>Обоснование.</italic></bold> Повреждения атипичными огнестрельными снарядами характеризуются вариабельностью своей морфологии, нередко отличаются от типичных огнестрельных повреждений. Это может обусловить трудности судебно-медицинской диагностики. Знание конструктивных особенностей атипичного оружия в комплексе с обнаруженными атипичными снарядами позволяет правильно оценить характер повреждения.</p> <p><bold><italic>Описание экспертного случая. </italic></bold>Описаны морфологические особенности входного и выходного огнестрельных повреждений затылочной и лобной костей, причинённых атипичным снарядом ― дюбель-гвоздём 4,5×60 мм. Входное огнестрельное повреждение характеризовалось типичными морфологическими свойствами, обусловленными пробивным действием снаряда (дефект ткани, конусообразно расширяется дефект внутрь стенки дырчатого перелома). Выходное отверстие было атипичным, что обусловлено неполным выходом дюбель-гвоздя из полости черепа, а также анатомическими особенностями области повреждения.</p> <p><bold><italic>Заключение. </italic></bold>Атипичное огнестрельное оружие и снаряды разнообразны, и их образцы могут иметь множество уникальных конструктивно-технологических особенностей, знание которых может иметь решающее значение для судебно-медицинской экспертизы огнестрельных повреждений. Комплексная судебно-медицинская оценка огнестрельного характера повреждений и количества выстрелов традиционно основана на морфологии повреждений и обнаружении дополнительных факторов выстрела, однако присутствие огнестрельных снарядов и/или их фрагментов в исследуемых объектах значительно облегчает решение экспертных задач. В представленном нами случае основную роль в правильной интерпретации характера повреждений сыграло именно присутствие в черепе атипичного огнестрельного снаряда ― дюбель-гвоздя.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p><bold>研究现实性：</bold>非典型枪支造成的伤害的特点是其形态的可变性，通常与典型的枪伤不同。这可能给法医诊断带来困难。了解非典型武器与发现的非典型炮弹相结合的设计特点，可以正确评估损坏的性质。</p> <p><bold>专家案例描述。</bold>描述了由非典型弹丸 - 4.5x60 毫米的射钉造成的枕骨和额骨的输入和输出枪伤的形态特征。由于射弹的穿透作用（组织缺损，穿孔骨折的壁向内呈锥形扩张），入口枪伤的特征在于典型的形态特征。出口是非典型的， 这是由于销钉从颅腔中不完全退出，以及损伤区域的解剖特征。</p> <p><bold>结论。</bold>非典型枪支和炮弹多种多样，其样品可能具有许多独特的设计和技术特征，对这些特征的了解可能对枪支伤害的法医鉴定至关重要。对枪支伤害性质和射击次数的综合法医评估传统上是基于损伤形态和对其他射击因素的检测，但在研究对象中存在枪支和/或其碎片大大有助于专家任务的完成。在我们提出的案例中，正确解释损害性质的主要作用是在头骨中存在非典型枪支 - 射钉。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>gunshot wounds</kwd><kwd>forensic ballistics</kwd><kwd>case report</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>огнестрельное повреждение</kwd><kwd>атипичный снаряд</kwd><kwd>дюбель-гвоздь</kwd><kwd>строительно-монтажный пистолет</kwd><kwd>экспертный случай</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>枪伤，非典型弹丸，射钉，建筑组装手枪，专家案例</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhitkov VS. 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