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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Судебная медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2411-8729</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-4161</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">694</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/fm694</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original study articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>原创研究</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Dynamics and structure of forensic medical investigations of violent death in St. Petersburg over the past 10 years</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Динамика и структура судебно-медицинских исследований насильственной смерти в Санкт-Петербурге за последние 10 лет</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>过去10年中圣彼得堡暴力死亡法医学检验的进程和机构</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7841-0913</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1110-0515</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bozhchenko</surname><given-names>Aleksandr P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Божченко</surname><given-names>Александр Петрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Bozhchenko</surname><given-names>Aleksandr P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor</p></bio><email>bozhchenko@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9127-2631</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5388-8690</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Isakov</surname><given-names>Vladimir D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Исаков</surname><given-names>Владимир Дмитриевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Isakov</surname><given-names>Vladimir D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p></bio><email>profivd@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1822-6043</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7765-8978</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yagmurov</surname><given-names>Orasmurad D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ягмуров</surname><given-names>Оразмурад Джумаевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Yagmurov</surname><given-names>Orasmurad D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p></bio><email>oraz.yagmurov@gmail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1971-9926</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1140-9453</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yakovenko</surname><given-names>Olga O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Яковенко</surname><given-names>Ольга Олеговна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Yakovenko</surname><given-names>Olga O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><email>impisch8@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4629-4521</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2390-8227</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nazarov</surname><given-names>Yuri V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Назаров</surname><given-names>Юрий Викторович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Nazarov</surname><given-names>Yuri V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><email>Naz532@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kirov Military medical academy</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Военно-медицинская академия имени С.М. Кирова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Kirov Military medical academy</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Бюро судебно-медицинской экспертизы</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет имени И.И. Мечникова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2022-10-19" publication-format="electronic"><day>19</day><month>10</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-11-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>11</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>37</fpage><lpage>46</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-02-17"><day>17</day><month>02</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-09-27"><day>27</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2022, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2025-01-01"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/694">https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/694</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold><italic>BACKGROUND</italic></bold><italic>: </italic>Among other things, changes in the structure of forensic medical expert material serve as an indicator of dynamic processes in society. The levels of injuries and violent and nonviolent death somehow depend on the state of the economy and health care in the region and the state as a whole. In recent years, the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which was proclaimed as a pandemic with tangible social and economic damage to States, has been one of the determining factors.</p> <p><bold><italic>AIMS</italic></bold><italic>: </italic>This study aimed to investigate the dynamics of the volume and structure of violent death in the Russian Federation over the past 10 years, including the pandemic period, using the megalopolis example.</p> <p><bold><italic>MATERIAL AND METHODS</italic></bold><italic>: </italic>This study reviewed the annual reports of the Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination of St. Petersburg using data grouping, frequency analysis, correlation analysis, comparison, system analysis, and inductive generalization.</p> <p><bold><italic>RESULTS</italic></bold><italic>: </italic>Over the past 10 years, several significant changes have occurred in St. Petersburg in the scope and structure of forensic medical investigations of violent deaths. The main positive trend was a decreased absolute and relative number of cases of violent death. Statistically significantly (<italic>p</italic> &lt;0.05) decreased number of cases of transport injuries, injuries resulting from the action of blunt and sharp objects, gunshot, thermal injury, and mechanical asphyxia, as well as poisoning with ethanol and carbon monoxide, significantly decreased infant mortality, and fewer unidentified and unclaimed corpses were observed. Additionally, a steady increase in the number of drug poisoning was found, and the fatal injury level due to falling from a height remained consistently high. The background incidence of COVID-19 in 2020 was 2.4–3.2%.</p> <p><bold><italic>CONCLUSION</italic></bold><italic>:</italic> The proportion of cases of falling from a height, thermal burns, and strangulation with a noose increased among the dead with a confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis, and transport (primarily rail), gunshot and explosive injuries, cases of drowning, poisoning with drugs, and alcohol detection in the biological environments of the body of the victims were less common.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold><italic>Обоснование</italic></bold><italic>. </italic>Индикатором динамических процессов, происходящих в обществе, в числе прочего могут выступать изменения в структуре судебно-медицинского экспертного материала. Уровни травматизма, насильственной и ненасильственной смерти так или иначе зависят от состояния экономики и здравоохранения в регионе и государстве в целом. В последние годы одним из определяющих факторов стало распространение новой коронавирусной инфекции, принявшее характер пандемии, с ощутимым социальным и экономическим ущербом для государств.</p> <p><bold><italic>Цель исследования</italic></bold> ― на примере мегаполиса изучить динамику объёма и структуры насильственной смерти в Российской Федерации за последние 10 лет, включая период распространения новой инфекции.</p> <p><bold><italic>Материал и методы</italic></bold><italic>.</italic> Годовые отчёты бюро судебно-медицинской экспертизы Санкт-Петербурга. Методы: группировка данных, частотный анализ, корреляционный анализ, сравнение, системный анализ, индуктивное обобщение.</p> <p><bold><italic>Результаты</italic></bold><italic>. </italic>За последние 10 лет в Санкт-Петербурге произошёл ряд существенных изменений в объёме и структуре судебно-медицинских исследований случаев насильственной смерти. Главным позитивным трендом стало снижение абсолютного и относительного количества случаев насильственной смерти. Статистически значимо (<italic>p</italic> &lt;0,05) уменьшилось количество случаев транспортной травмы, травмы в результате действия тупых и острых предметов, огнестрельной, термической травмы, механической асфиксии, а также отравлений этанолом и угарным газом; значительно снизилась детская смертность; меньше стало неопознанных и невостребованных трупов. Наряду с этим наблюдается устойчивый рост количества отравлений наркотическими веществами; стабильно высоким остаётся уровень смертельной травмы в результате падения с высоты. Фоновая заболеваемость новой коронавирусной инфекцией в 2020 г. составила 2,4–3,2%.</p> <p><bold><italic>Заключение</italic></bold><italic>. </italic>Среди погибших с подтверждённым диагнозом новой коронавирусной инфекции повысилась доля случаев падения с высоты, термических ожогов, удавления петлей; реже встречались транспортная (прежде всего рельсовая), огнестрельная и взрывная травма, а также случаи утопления, отравления лекарственными средствами и обнаружения алкоголя в биологических средах организма погибших.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>论证法医材料结构的变化可以作为社会中发生的动态过程的一个指标。外伤病、暴力死亡和非暴力死亡率都取决于区域和全国的经济和保健水平。近年来，一个决定性因素是新的冠状病毒感染的传播，它已经成为一种全球性大流行病，对所有国家有显著的的社会与经济损失。</p> <p>研究目的——用一个大都市作为例子，研究最近10年俄罗斯联邦暴力死亡的数量和结构的进程，包括新冠状病毒的传播期间。</p> <p>材料与方法。圣彼得堡法医鉴定局的年度报告。方法：数据组合、频率分析、相关分析、对比、系统分析、归纳概括。</p> <p>结果。在最近10年中在圣彼得堡的暴力死亡的数量和结构出现了一系列本质改变。最重要的积极趋势就是暴力死亡的绝对数和相对数都有所下降。运输伤害、钝器和锐器创伤、枪击、热伤害、机械性窒息，以及乙醇和一氧化碳中毒的数量统计学意义的降低（p &lt;0,05 ） ；儿童死亡率明显下降；未识别和无人认领的尸体也减少了。同时可以看到麻醉药物中毒的稳步增加；由于从高处坠落导致的致命伤害率一直很高。2020年中新冠状病毒的感染发病为2,4–3,2%。</p> <p>结论。在确诊为新冠状病毒感染的死亡者中，从高处坠落、热伤害、被绞索刺伤率提高了；交通（尤其是铁路）、枪击和爆炸伤害，以及溺水、药物中毒、和在死者的生物液体中检测出酒精的情况不太常见。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>violent death</kwd><kwd>new coronavirus infection</kwd><kwd>cause of death</kwd><kwd>fatal injury</kwd><kwd>forensic medical examination</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>насильственная смерть</kwd><kwd>новая коронавирусная инфекция</kwd><kwd>причина смерти</kwd><kwd>смертельный травматизм</kwd><kwd>судебно-медицинская экспертиза</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>暴力死亡</kwd><kwd>新冠状病毒</kwd><kwd>死亡原因</kwd><kwd>致命伤害</kwd><kwd>法医学鉴定</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bozhchenko AP, Pilnik NM. 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