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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Судебная медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2411-8729</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-4161</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">681</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/fm681</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original study articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>原创研究</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Establishment of the fact and features of a substance barrier made of multilayer and combined materials transferRED by a firearm</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Установление факта и особенностей переноса огнестрельным снарядом вещества преграды из многослойных и комбинированных материалов</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>枪支对多层和组合障碍物进行转移的事实和特殊性</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0694-673X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1167-4112</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuzmina</surname><given-names>Vera A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузьмина</surname><given-names>Вера Александровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kuzmina</surname><given-names>Vera A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>kuzminava@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0223-2433</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7357-3038</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pinchuk</surname><given-names>Pavel V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пинчук</surname><given-names>Павел Васильевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Pinchuk</surname><given-names>Pavel V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor</p></bio><email>pinchuk1967@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4228-8973</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2326-2920</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Leonov</surname><given-names>Sergey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Леонов</surname><given-names>Сергей Валерьевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Leonov</surname><given-names>Sergey V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p></bio><email>Sleonoff@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3422-6043</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4692-0197</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Suhareva</surname><given-names>Marina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сухарева</surname><given-names>Марина Анатольевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Suhareva</surname><given-names>Marina A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><email>suha@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Chief State Center for Forensic Medicine and Forensic Expertise 111</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">111 Главный государственный центр судебно-медицинских и криминалистических экспертиз</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Chief State Center for Forensic Medicine and Forensic Expertise 111</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The Russian National Research Medical University named after N.I. Pirogov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">The Russian National Research Medical University named after N.I. Pirogov</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry named after A.I. Evdokimov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный медико-стоматологический университет имени А.И. Евдокимова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry named after A.I. Evdokimov</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2022-10-18" publication-format="electronic"><day>18</day><month>10</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-11-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>11</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>29</fpage><lpage>35</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-01-03"><day>03</day><month>01</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-09-21"><day>21</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2022, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2025-01-01"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/681">https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/681</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold><italic>BACKGROUND</italic></bold><italic>: </italic>Currently, issues of establishing the fact of a person wounded by a firearm through a specific type of obstacle or due to a ricochet, as well as the identification of the obstacle material, have not been practically studied.</p> <p><bold><italic>AIMS</italic></bold><italic>: </italic>To establish the fact and features of materials of multilayer and combined barriers (triplex, combined barrier made of keremogranite and foam concrete) transferred by a firearm when fired with 5.45×39 cartridges from a special shortened Kalashnikov assault rifle</p> <p><bold><italic>MATERIAL AND METHODS</italic></bold><italic>:</italic> Shots were fired through various types of obstacles using a biological simulator of the human body from a 5-m distance. All experiments were recorded using high-speed video shooting with a Sony RX0 video camera having a frequency of 1000 frames/s. Bullets and their fragments that are extracted from the bullet trap or biological target tissues, after appropriate processing, were examined using a Leica M125 microscope, a Hitachi FlexSem 1000 II scanning electron microscope, and a Bruker Quantax 80 energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer.</p> <p><bold><italic>RESULTS</italic></bold><italic>: </italic>Light microscopy of the firearms that overcame the obstacle revealed the presence of a characteristic bullet deformation when it breaks through each type of the studied obstacle. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersion analysis (EDX) revealed the presence of overlays of barrier particles in each case on the entire surface of both deformed bullets and fragments of their shells and cores.</p> <p><bold><italic>CONCLUSION</italic></bold><italic>: </italic>The conducted experimental study revealed SEM/EDX as a reliable method to establish the fact of a gunshot wound of a person through a barrier of multilayer and combined materials.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold><italic>Обоснование</italic></bold><italic>.</italic> В настоящее время вопросы установления факта ранения человека огнестрельным снарядом через конкретный вид преграды или вследствие рикошета от неё, а также идентификации материала преграды практически не изучены.</p> <p><bold><italic>Цель исследования</italic></bold> ― установление факта и особенностей переноса огнестрельным снарядом материалов многослойных и комбинированных преград (триплекс, комбинированная преграда из керамогранита и пенобетона) при выстрелах патронами 5,45×39 из автомата Калашникова специального укороченного.</p> <p><bold><italic>Материал и методы</italic></bold><italic>.</italic> Выстрелы производились через различные виды преград по биологическому имитатору тела человека с расстояния 5 м. Все эксперименты фиксировались посредством скоростной видеосъёмки с применением видеокамеры Sony RX0 с частотой 1000 кадров/сек. Пули и их фрагменты, извлечённые из пулеулавливателя или тканей биологической мишени, после соответствующей обработки исследовали посредством микроскопа Leica M125, сканирующего электронного микроскопа Hitachi FlexSem 1000 II и энергодисперсионного рентгеновского спектрометра Bruker Quantax 80.</p> <p><bold><italic>Результаты</italic></bold><italic>. </italic>Световая микроскопия огнестрельных снарядов, преодолевших преграду, выявила наличие характерной деформации пуль при пробитии ими каждого вида исследованных преград. Сканирующая электронная микроскопия (SEM) и энергодисперсионный анализ (EDX) позволили выявить в каждом случае наличие наложений частиц преграды по всем поверхностям как деформированных пуль, так и фрагментов их оболочек и сердечников.</p> <p><bold><italic>Заключение</italic></bold><italic>. </italic>Проведённое экспериментальное исследование доказало, что посредством сканирующей электронной микроскопии (SEM/EDX) возможно достоверно устанавливать факт огнестрельного ранения человека через преграду из многослойных и комбинированных материалов.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>论证目前确定一个人是否通过某一特定类型的障碍物或由于障碍物反跳被枪支受伤，以及识别障碍物材料的问题几乎没有研究。</p> <p>研究目的——确定用卡拉什尼科夫特殊缩短型步枪的5.45×39子弹发射时，枪支对多层和组合障碍物（三合物、陶瓷花岗岩和泡沫混凝土组合障碍物）进行转移的事实和特殊性。</p> <p>材料与方法。从5米远的地方通过各种类型的障碍物向一个生物人体模拟器进行了射击。用Sony RX0摄像机以1000帧/秒的速度对所有的试验进行了高速视频记录。对从弹夹或生物目标组织中回收的子弹和子弹碎片进行处理后用Leica M125显微镜、Hitachi FlexSem 1000 II扫描电子显微镜和Bruker Quantax 80能量色散光谱仪进行了检查。</p> <p>结果。对穿透障碍物的射弹进行的光镜检查显示，当子弹穿透所检查的每种类型的障碍物时，都有一种特有的变形。扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和能量色散分析（EDX）显示，在每一种情况下，变形的子弹及其弹壳和弹芯的碎片的所有表面都存在颗粒覆盖层。</p> <p>结论。进行的试验研究证明，通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM/EDX），有可能可靠地检测出穿过多层和组合的障碍物人类枪伤的事实。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>gunshot injury</kwd><kwd>post-barrier injury</kwd><kwd>triplex</kwd><kwd>combined barrier</kwd><kwd>scanning electron microscopy</kwd><kwd>SEM</kwd><kwd>energy dispersion analysis</kwd><kwd>EDX</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>огнестрельная травма</kwd><kwd>запреградная травма</kwd><kwd>триплекс</kwd><kwd>комбинированная преграда</kwd><kwd>сканирующая электронная микроскопия</kwd><kwd>SEM</kwd><kwd>энергодисперсионный анализ</kwd><kwd>EDX</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>枪伤</kwd><kwd>非贯穿性伤害</kwd><kwd>三合物</kwd><kwd>组合的障碍物</kwd><kwd>扫描电子显微镜术</kwd><kwd>SEM</kwd><kwd>能量色散分析</kwd><kwd>EDX</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalmykov KN. 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