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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Судебная медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2411-8729</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-4161</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">667</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/fm667</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original study articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>原创研究</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Determination of the order of damage to a cotton cloth moistened with water when fired from a Glock 17 pistol</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Определение очерёдности повреждений хлопчатобумажной ткани, смоченной водой, при выстреле из пистолета Glock 17</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7888-3104</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9673-3580</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Stepanov</surname><given-names>Sergey A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Степанов</surname><given-names>Сергей Алексеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>stepanov_s_a@staff.sechenov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6999-8524</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1761-8559</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krupin</surname><given-names>Konstantin N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Крупин</surname><given-names>Константин Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н.</p></bio><email>krupin@1msmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7185-4324</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3976-6782</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Globa</surname><given-names>Irina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Глоба</surname><given-names>Ирина Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>globa_i_v@staff.sechenov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1936-4448</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">848828</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3134-8457</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Maksimov</surname><given-names>Aleksandr V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Максимов</surname><given-names>Александр Викторович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н</p></bio><email>maksimov@sudmedmo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9303-7640</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3620-8930</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kislov</surname><given-names>Maxim A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кислов</surname><given-names>Максим Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор</p></bio><email>smedik@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский областной научно-исследовательский клинический институт имени М.Ф. Владимирского</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>5</fpage><lpage>12</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-11-01"><day>01</day><month>11</month><year>2021</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-01-27"><day>27</day><month>01</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2021, Stepanov S.A., Krupin K.N., Globa I.V., Maksimov A.V., Kislov M.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2021, Степанов С.А., Крупин К.Н., Глоба И.В., Максимов А.В., Кислов М.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Stepanov S.A., Krupin K.N., Globa I.V., Maksimov A.V., Kislov M.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Степанов С.А., Крупин К.Н., Глоба И.В., Максимов А.В., Кислов М.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/667">https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/667</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><italic><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> </italic>To determine the order of the shot from a firearm, the presence of soot deposits and additional factors of the shot on the surface of the fabric is investigated. These signs were detected and tested on dry targets, but not studied on a wet target. There is no data in the available literature that allows determining the order of a shot on a water-soaked target.</p> <p><bold><italic>AIMS: </italic></bold>To identify morphological differences between gunshot wounds of dry and water-soaked tissue.</p> <p><bold><italic>MATERIAL AND METHODS: </italic></bold>For the experiment, a target object made of cotton calico was used; a Glock 17 pistol; 9×19 Parabellum cartridges. There were two groups of targets ― moistened with running water from a spray gun and dry. After impregnation, the fabric was hung in a vertical position on a thick cardboard substrate, and then a shot was fired. The firearm (Glock 17) was fixed on the frame, the muzzle end was directed towards the target at an angle of 90º. Shots were fired from a distance of 5 cm, 10 cm, 20 cm and further in increments of 10 cm to 100 cm inclusive. At each distance, 10 shots were fired, from which 3 targets were selected that had the most pronounced morphological changes: thermally altered fibers on the front surface of the target, along the edge of the gunshot injury, along the depth of penetration of the wiping belt. After that, the barrel of the firearm was cleaned. The study of the affected targets was carried out using a Leica M125 stereomicroscope. The results obtained during the experiment were entered into the MS Excel table where statistical processing was performed. A conditional probability was calculated for each feature. The diagnostic coefficient (DC) was calculated, and the Kulbak formula was used to assess the informativeness of the selected features.</p> <p><italic><bold>RESULTS:</bold> </italic>It was revealed that signs of thermal action and the deposition of soot on the front side of the target are found on dry targets. Thermally altered filaments were not detected on wet targets, and the products of the shot penetrate the inter-fiber space. The thermal effect is manifested by the formation of flask-like and hemp-like endings of the fibers of the threads along the edge of the gunshot injury.</p> <p><bold><italic>CONCLUSION: </italic></bold>The detection of signs of thermal exposure, as well as the deposition of soot only on the front surface of the target, suggests that the shot was fired into a dry cloth. Penetration of the products forming the metallization belt into the inter-fiber space, as well as the absence of thermally altered threads, is characteristic of gunshot damage to wet targets.</p> <p>Described changes in the protocol for registration of morphological lesions in the presence of an expert. The results of this study provide a better situational expertise.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold><italic>Обоснование. </italic></bold>Для определения очерёдности выстрела из огнестрельного оружия исследуют наличие отложения копоти и дополнительных факторов выстрела на поверхности ткани. Эти признаки были обнаружены и проверены на сухих мишенях, однако в доступной литературе отсутствуют данные, позволяющие определять очерёдность выстрела на смоченной водой мишени.</p> <p><italic><bold>Цель исследования</bold> ―</italic> выявить морфологические отличия огнестрельных повреждений сухой и смоченной водой ткани.</p> <p><bold><italic>Материал и методы. </italic></bold>Для проведения эксперимента использованы мишень-объект из хлопчатобумажной ткани (бязь); пистолет Glock 17; патроны калибра 9×19 Parabellum. Выделены две группы мишеней ― смоченная проточной водой из пульверизатора и сухая. После пропитывания ткань вывешивалась в вертикальное положение на подложку из плотного картона, и далее производился выстрел. Огнестрельное оружие (Glock 17) закреплялось на станине, дульный конец был направлен в сторону мишени под углом 90°. Выстрелы производились с расстояния 5 см, 10 см, 20 см и далее с шагом 10 см до 100 см включительно. С каждого расстояния произведено по 10 выстрелов, затем отобрано по 3 мишени с наиболее выраженными морфологическими изменениями ― термически изменёнными волокнами на лицевой поверхности мишени, по краю огнестрельного повреждения и глубине проникновения пояска обтирания. После этого ствол огнестрельного оружия очищали. Исследование поражённых мишеней проводили с помощью стереомикроскопа Leica M125. Результаты, полученные в ходе эксперимента, заносили в таблицу MS Excel, где производили статистическую обработку. Для каждого признака рассчитывали условную вероятность. Производили расчёт диагностического коэффициента; для оценки информативности выбранных признаков использовали формулу Кульбака.</p> <p><bold><italic>Результаты. </italic></bold>На сухих мишенях выявлены признаки термического действия и отложение копоти на лицевой стороне. Термическое воздействие проявляется образованием колбо- и пенькообразных окончаний волокон нитей по краю огнестрельного повреждения. На мокрых мишенях термически изменённые нити не обнаружены, а продукты выстрела проникают в межволоконное пространство.</p> <p><bold><italic>Заключение. </italic></bold>Признаки термического воздействия, а также отложение копоти только на лицевой поверхности мишени позволяют говорить о том, что выстрел произведён в сухую ткань. Проникновение продуктов, формирующих поясок металлизации, в межволоконное пространство, а также отсутствие термически изменённых нитей характерно для огнестрельного повреждения влажных мишеней.</p> <p>Описанные изменения могут использоваться для упрощения восприятия морфологии повреждений в заключениях эксперта. Результаты данного исследования позволят проводить более качественную ситуалогическую экспертизу.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>forensic medicine</kwd><kwd>gunshot injury</kwd><kwd>Glock 17 gun</kwd><kwd>wet cloth</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>судебная медицина</kwd><kwd>огнестрельное повреждение</kwd><kwd>пистолет Glock 17</kwd><kwd>мокрая ткань</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The Global Burden of Disease 2016 Injury Collaborators; Naghavi M, Marczak LB, Kutz M, et al. 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