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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Судебная медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2411-8729</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-4161</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16333</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/fm16333</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Technical reports</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Технические отчеты</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>技术报告</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Digital Comparative Taxonomic Analysis of Diatom Communities for Drowning Site Identification</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Цифровой сравнительный таксономический анализ диатомовых сообществ при установлении места утопления</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7542-7235</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">58092580600</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2407-7937</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nedugiv</surname><given-names>Vladimir G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Недугов</surname><given-names>Владимир Германович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Nedugiv</surname><given-names>Vladimir G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Master's student of the Institute of Informatics and Cybernetics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Магистрант Института информатики и кибернетики</p></bio><email>nedugovvg@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7380-3766</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">25947646500</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3828-8091</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nedugov</surname><given-names>German</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Недугов</surname><given-names>Герман Владимирович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Associate professor, the Head of the Department of forensic medicine</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, заведующий кафедрой судебной медицины </p></bio><email>nedugovh@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Samara National Research University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Самарский национальный исследовательский университет имени академика С.П. Королева</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Samara National Research University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Samara State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Самарский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-03-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-01-01"><day>01</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-03-12"><day>12</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; , Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; , Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-03-24"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/16333">https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/16333</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold><italic>BACKGROUND:</italic></bold> The determination of the drowning site in forensic medicine is based on the comparative analysis of diatom communities. However, the existing methodology is poorly formalized: standard ecological approaches are not applicable for the pairwise comparison of two samples (from a water body and a corpse), and conclusions often rely on subjective visual assessment. This creates a gap in the objective, statistically sound interpretation of results, limiting the evidentiary value of the examination.</p> <p><bold><italic>OBJECTIVE</italic></bold><bold><italic>:</italic></bold> to develop a formalized method for the digital dual comparative taxonomic analysis of diatom plankton and its implementation as an accessible web application for forensic medical practice.</p> <p><bold><italic>MATERIAL AND METHODS:</italic></bold> The study design involved the development of a comparative taxonomic analysis protocol and its implementation as a web application compatible with Windows, Linux, Android, and iOS operating systems. The protocol includes three blocks of complementary metrics for pairwise comparison: 1) overall similarity (Bray-Curtis and Hellinger distances with a bootstrap test), 2) dominance structure (Jaccard, Sørensen-Dice, and Simpson indices, rank correlations), and 3) stability and indicator value (adapted Dufrêne-Legendre metrics). The application code was written in JavaScript and Python.</p> <p><bold><italic>RESULTS:</italic></bold> A formalized method of dual comparative taxonomic analysis was developed, replacing subjective assessment with the calculation of objective metrics, and the free online application "Qualitative Dual Sample Taxa Analyzer" was created. A key element of the application is the bootstrap procedure, which provides statistical testing of the hypothesis about the common origin of samples from a single water body. The combination of metrics allows for a multi-level analysis (integral similarity, core of dominant taxa, contribution of individual species), and the web interface makes the method accessible to experts by automating calculations, standardizing the procedure, and generating a detailed report.</p> <p><bold><italic>CONCLUSIONS:</italic></bold> The proposed method of comparative taxonomic analysis and the software tool represent a comprehensive solution for the objective and statistically valid assessment of the similarity of diatom communities. Their implementation in practice can enhance the evidentiary value, reproducibility, and standardization of forensic medical conclusions regarding the determination of the drowning site, which aligns with the general trends of digitalization in expert practice.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold><italic>Актуальность.</italic></bold> Установление места утопления в судебной медицине основано на сравнительном анализе сообществ диатомовых водорослей. Однако существующая методология слабо формализована: стандартные экологические подходы неприменимы для парного сравнения двух образцов (из водоема и трупа), а заключения часто опираются на субъективную визуальную оценку. Это создаёт пробел в объективной и обоснованной интерпретации результатов, ограничивая доказательную силу экспертизы.</p> <p><bold><italic>Цель исследования:</italic></bold> разработка формализованного метода цифрового парного сравнительного таксономического анализа диатомового планктона и его реализация в виде кроссплатформенного веб-приложения для судебно-медицинской практики.</p> <p><bold><italic>Материал и методы.</italic></bold> Дизайн исследования представляет собой разработку протокола сравнительного таксономического анализа и его реализацию в виде веб-приложения, совместимого с операционными системами Windows, Linux, Android и IOS. Протокол включает три блока взаимодополняющих метрик для парного сравнения: 1) общее сходство (дистанции Брея-Кёртиса и Хелленджера с бутстреп-тестом), 2) структура доминирования (индексы Жаккара, Съёренсена-Дайса, Симпсона, ранговые корреляции), 3) стабильность и индикаторность (адаптированные метрики Дюфрена-Лежандра). Код приложения составляли на языках программирования JavaScript и Python.</p> <p><bold><italic>Результаты.</italic></bold> Разработан формализованный метод парного сравнительного таксономического анализа, заменяющий субъективную оценку на расчет объективных метрик, и создано бесплатное онлайн-приложение «Qualitative Dual Sample Taxa Analyzer». Ключевым элементом приложения является бутстреп-процедура, обеспечивающая статистическую проверку гипотезы о происхождении проб из одного водоема. Комбинация метрик позволяет провести многоуровневый анализ (интегральное сходство, ядро доминирующих таксонов, вклад отдельных видов), а веб-интерфейс делает метод доступным для экспертов, автоматизируя расчеты, стандартизируя процедуру и формируя детализированный отчет.</p> <p><bold><italic>Заключение</italic></bold><italic>.</italic> Предложенные метод сравнительного таксономического анализа и программный инструмент представляют собой комплексное решение задачи объективной и статистически валидируемой оценки сходства диатомовых сообществ. Их внедрение в практику способно повысить доказательную силу, воспроизводимость и стандартизацию судебно-медицинских заключений по установлению места утопления, что соответствует общим тенденциям цифровизации экспертизы.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p/></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>comparative analysis, taxonomic composition, diatom plankton, drowning site, bootstrap test, web application</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сравнительный анализ, таксономический состав, диатомовый планктон, место утопления, бутстреп-тест, веб-приложение</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">There are no co-executors or sponsors.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Соисполнители и спонсоры отсутствуют</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1.	Tournois L, Hatsch D, Ludes B, Delabarde T. 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