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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Судебная медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2411-8729</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-4161</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16332</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/fm16332</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">BVWBQH</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>科学评论</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Harm to health: challenges of definition (a review)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вред здоровью — сложности определения (обзор)</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>健康损害——界定难点解析（综述）</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4233-3538</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6373-3407</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shmarov</surname><given-names>Leonid A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шмаров</surname><given-names>Леонид Александрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Shmarov</surname><given-names>Leonid A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>shmarov@rc-sme.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Center of Forensic Medical Expertise</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский центр судебно-медицинской экспертизы</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Russian Center of Forensic Medical Expertise</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bashkir State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Башкирский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Bashkir State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-03-16" publication-format="electronic"><day>16</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-04-13" publication-format="electronic"><day>13</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>63</fpage><lpage>72</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-12-24"><day>24</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-01-27"><day>27</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-04-13"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/16332">https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/16332</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Determining the severity of harm to human health is one of the core tasks in forensic medical examination across criminal, administrative, and civil proceedings. Previously, the term <italic>harm to health</italic> or its synonymous term <italic>bodily injury</italic> was defined in relevant regulatory legal acts. However, since September 1, 2025, no legal definition of harm to health has been provided in the applicable legislation. This situation raises several important questions, including the justification for removing the legal definition of the <italic>severity of harm</italic>, the selection of an appropriate term for use in current practice, and the absence of an official definition. In this context, it is necessary to determine which definition of harm to health should be applied in forensic medical practice or whether any of the existing definitions may be used. To address these issues, the article presents a historical, comparative, and logical analysis of existing interpretations of the concept of harm to health. It is substantiated that the current regulatory legal act governing the determination of severity of harm to human health should include a clear definition of this term.</p> <p>Thus, this review addresses a highly relevant issue, the need for a legally established definition of harm to health. It is of relevance to a wide range of stakeholders. The topic discussed has substantial practical implications.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Определение степени тяжести вреда, причинённого здоровью человека, является одной из основных задач, решаемых при выполнении судебно-медицинской экспертизы как в уголовном, так и административном, и даже гражданском судопроизводстве. Если раньше определение термина «вред здоровью» или синонимичное ему «телесное повреждение» содержалось в соответствующем нормативном правовом акте, то с 01 сентября 2025 г. мы лишены легального определения понятия «вред здоровью». Такая ситуация закономерно порождает некоторые вопросы: обоснованность исключения легального определения вреда здоровью, выбор подходящего понятия для использования в таких условиях, а также проблема отсутствия официального определения. В связи с возникшей ситуацией для урегулирования поставленных перед нами вопросов необходимо определить, какую дефиницию понятия «вред здоровью» следует использовать в практической деятельности судебно-медицинского эксперта или любое из имеющихся определений применимо. Для этого в данной статье проведён исторический, сравнительный и логический анализ существующих трактовок понятия «вред здоровью». Однозначно обоснованно, что в действующем нормативном правовом акте, регламентирующем определение степени тяжести вреда, причинённого здоровью человека, обязательно должна присутствовать интерпретация данного термина.</p> <p>Таким образом, настоящий обзор посвящён очень актуальной теме: обоснованию необходимости наличия легального, законодательно закреплённого определения вреда здоровью и затрагивает широкий круг заинтересованных в проблеме лиц. Поднятая в статье тема имеет важное практическое значение.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>对人体健康损害程度的判定，是法医学鉴定在刑事、行政乃至民事诉讼中需解决的核心任务之一。以往“健康损害”或其同义概念“身体损伤”的定义均载于相关规范性法律文件，但自2025年9月1日起，“健康损害”概念将失去法定定义。这种变化自然引发若干问题：取消健康损害法定定义的合理性、在此情境下适宜概念的选择，以及缺乏官方定义带来的困境。针对这一现状，为厘清上述问题，必须明确法医学鉴定实践中应采用何种“健康损害”的定义，或是否可沿用现有任何定义。本文通过历史性、比较性和逻辑性分析，对现有“健康损害”概念的各种阐释进行了系统研究。可以明确论证的是，现行规范人体健康损害程度判定的法律文件中，必须包含对该术语的法定解释。</p> <p>因此，本综述聚焦于一个极具现实意义的主题：论证确立具有法律效力、明确定义的健康损害概念之必要性，并涉及对此问题广泛关注的各界人士。文章中提出的主题具有重要的实践意义。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>harm to health</kwd><kwd>definition</kwd><kwd>forensic medical examination</kwd><kwd>regulatory legal act</kwd><kwd>review</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вред здоровью</kwd><kwd>определение</kwd><kwd>судебно-медицинская экспертиза</kwd><kwd>нормативный правовой акт</kwd><kwd>обзор</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>健康损害</kwd><kwd>定义</kwd><kwd>法医鉴定</kwd><kwd>规范性法律文件</kwd><kwd>综述</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Shmarov LA. 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