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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Судебная медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2411-8729</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-4161</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16331</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/fm16331</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">ZNGEWQ</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>科学评论</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Prospects for estimating the postmortem interval under extreme temperature exposure using autofluorescence spectroscopy of NADH and FAD cofactors: a review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Перспективы определения давности наступления смерти при действии крайних температур методом аутофлюоресцентной спектроскопии коферментов НАДН и ФАД: обзор</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>应用NADH与FAD辅酶自发荧光光谱技术鉴定极端温度作用下死后经过时间的前景：综述</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4565-3335</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sargsyan</surname><given-names>Shushan M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Саргсян</surname><given-names>Шушан Мхитаровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Sargsyan</surname><given-names>Shushan M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>sargsyan_shm@pfur.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8173-8944</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2968-7961</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sundukov</surname><given-names>Dmitriy V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сундуков</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Вадимович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Sundukov</surname><given-names>Dmitriy V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><email>sundukov-dv@rudn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0236-8314</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2795-7817</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bashirova</surname><given-names>Asya R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Баширова</surname><given-names>Асия Ренатовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Bashirova</surname><given-names>Asya R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>bashirova-ar@rudn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6017-5310</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8821-7740</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Smirnov</surname><given-names>Аskold V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смирнов</surname><given-names>Аскольд Владиславович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Smirnov</surname><given-names>Аskold V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>smirnov-avl@rudn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4186-3470</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Suslin</surname><given-names>Alexander A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Суслин</surname><given-names>Александр Александрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Suslin</surname><given-names>Alexander A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>suslin-aa@rudn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3235-0972</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Marevichev</surname><given-names>Mikhail M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Маревичев</surname><given-names>Михаил Михайлович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Marevichev</surname><given-names>Mikhail M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>marevichev.mm@sudmedmo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2113-0480</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9828-8160</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Romanko</surname><given-names>Natalia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Романько</surname><given-names>Наталья Александровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Romanko</surname><given-names>Natalia A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>romankomko@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Peoples' Friendship University of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Peoples' Friendship University of Russia</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Бюро судебно-медицинской экспертизы</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский областной научно-исследовательский клинический институт имени М.Ф. Владимирского</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-03-25" publication-format="electronic"><day>25</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-04-13" publication-format="electronic"><day>13</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>73</fpage><lpage>83</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-12-23"><day>23</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-03-10"><day>10</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-04-13"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/16331">https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/16331</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Accurate estimation of the postmortem interval is one of the key tasks of forensic medical examination and is of critical importance for investigative processes. In routine forensic practice, postmortem interval is commonly assessed based on well-known early and late postmortem changes, which often results in substantial variability of the estimated time interval. Although more precise physical, biochemical, and biophysical methods have been developed for postmortem interval estimation, they have not been widely implemented in forensic practice due to several limitations, including high cost, technical complexity, and labor-intensive application.</p> <p>In this review, we briefly analyze conventional methods for postmortem interval estimation and evaluate the effectiveness and prospects of innovative approaches under conditions of high-temperature exposure. In particular, we consider the potential application of laser-induced autofluorescence spectroscopy of the cofactors NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide).</p> <p>A scientific data search was conducted using PubMed, eLibrary, and Scopus databases. Full-text access was obtained via the Russian State Library, the National Electronic Library, ResearchGate, and the Elsevier and Wiley platforms for the period 1960–2026. The following keywords were used in Russian and English: <italic>постмортальный</italic><italic> </italic><italic>период</italic><italic> / postmortem interval, </italic><italic>ДНС</italic><italic>/PMI, </italic><italic>коферменты</italic><italic>/coenzymes, </italic><italic>НАДН</italic><italic>/NADH, </italic><italic>ФАД</italic><italic>/FAD, </italic><italic>аутофлюоресценция</italic><italic>/autofluorescence, </italic><italic>посмертная</italic><italic> </italic><italic>гипертермия</italic><italic> / postmortem hyperthermia, </italic><italic>судебно</italic><italic>-</italic><italic>медицинская</italic><italic> </italic><italic>танатология</italic><italic> / forensic thanatology, </italic><italic>давность</italic><italic> </italic><italic>наступления</italic><italic> </italic><italic>смерти</italic><italic> / time of death, </italic><italic>посмертные</italic><italic> </italic><italic>изменения</italic><italic> / postmortem changes, </italic><italic>температура</italic><italic> </italic><italic>окружающей</italic><italic> </italic><italic>среды</italic><italic> / ambient temperature, </italic><italic>лазерно</italic><italic>-</italic><italic>индуцированная</italic><italic> </italic><italic>аутофлуоресцентная</italic><italic> </italic><italic>спектроскопия</italic><italic> / laser-induced autofluorescence spectroscopy</italic>.</p> <p>The relative simplicity and low labor intensity of laser-induced autofluorescence spectroscopy of NADH and FAD represent substantial advantages. Further development of criteria for postmortem interval estimation under various environmental conditions, particularly in cases of exposure to high temperatures, appears promising and holds considerable potential for forensic medicine.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Корректное определение давности наступления смерти — одна из основных задач судебно-медицинской экспертизы, решение которой имеет важное значение для следствия. В повседневной практике судебно-медицинских экспертов давность наступления смерти определяют при оценке общеизвестных ранних или поздних трупных изменений, что нередко приводит к большой вариабельности определяемого временного интервала. Вместе с тем разработанные различными исследователями более точные физические, биохимические и биофизические методы определения давности наступления смерти не получили широкого внедрения в судебно-медицинскую практику, что обусловлено некоторыми факторами, включая высокую стоимость, техническую сложность и трудоёмкость их применения.</p> <p>В настоящем обзоре мы кратко анализируем существующие традиционные методы определения давности наступления смерти, а также рассматриваем эффективность и перспективы применения некоторых инновационных методик её определения при влиянии высоких температур, в частности возможность использования метода лазер-индуцированной аутофлюоресцентной спектроскопии коферментов НАДН (никотинамидадениндинуклеотид в восстановленной форме) и ФАД (флавинадениндинуклеотид).</p> <p>Поиск литературных данных проводили в поисковых системах PubMed, eLibrary, а также в базе данных Scopus. Доступ к полным текстам источников получен через платформы Российской государственной библиотеки, Национальной электронной библиотеки, ResearchGate, а также издательства Elsevier и Wiley за период с 1960 по 2026 год с использованием ключевых слов на русском и английском языках: «постмортальный период», «ДНС», «коферменты», «НАДH», «ФАД», «аутофлюоресценция», «посмертная гипертермия», «судебно-медицинская танатология», «давность наступления смерти», «посмертные изменения», «температура окружающей среды», «лазер-индуцированная аутофлюоресцентная спектроскопия», «postmortem interval», «PMI», «coenzymes», «NADH», «FAD», «autofluorescence», «postmortem hyperthermia», «forensic thanatology», «time of death», «postmortem changes», «ambient temperature», «laser-induced autofluorescence spectroscopy».</p> <p>Относительная простота и малая трудоёмкость метода лазер-индуцированной аутофлюоресцентной спектроскопии коферментов НАДН и ФАД являются существенными преимуществами, поэтому дальнейшая разработка критериев определения давности наступления смерти при различных условиях окружающей среды, в частности при пребывании трупа в условиях высокой температуры, являются перспективными и имеют большое значение для судебной медицины.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>准确判定死后经过时间是法医学检验的核心任务之一，对案件侦查具有重大意义。 当前法医实践中，通常通过评估常见的早期或晚期尸体现象来推断死后经过时间，但这种方法常导致时间判定存在较大误差。尽管研究人员已开发出更精确的物理、生化及生物物理学死后经过时间判定方法，但由于成本高昂、技术复杂及操作繁琐等因素，这些技术尚未在法医学领域得到广泛应用。</p> <p>本综述简要分析了现有传统死后经过时间判定方法，重点探讨了在高温环境影响下若干创新性鉴定技术的有效性及应用前景，特别是激光诱导NADH（还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸）与FAD（黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸）自发荧光光谱技术的可行性。</p> <p>文献检索在PubMed、eLibrary搜索引擎及Scopus数据库中进行。通过俄罗斯国家图书馆平台、国家电子图书馆、ResearchGate以及爱思唯尔和威利出版社获取了1960年至2026年期间的全文文献，使用俄英双语关键词，包括：постмортальный период / postmortem interval（死后时期）；ДНС / PMI；коферменты / coenzymes （辅酶）；НАДH / NADH；ФАД / FAD；аутофлюоресценция / autofluorescence（自体荧光）；посмертная гипертермия / postmortem hyperthermia（死后高热）；судебно-медицинская танатология / forensic thanatology（法医死亡学）；давность наступления смерти / time of death（死后经过时间）；посмертные изменения / postmortem changes（死后变化）；температура окружающей среды / ambient temperature（环境温度）；лазерно-индуцированная аутофлюоресцентная спектроскопия / laser-induced autofluorescence spectroscopy（激光诱导自体荧光光谱）。</p> <p>激光诱导NADH和FAD辅酶自体荧光光谱技术具有操作简便、耗时较少的显著优势，因此进一步开发在不同环境条件下（特别是尸体处于高温环境时）的死后经过时间判定标准具有重要前景，对法医学发展具有重大意义。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>postmortem interval</kwd><kwd>PMI</kwd><kwd>coenzymes</kwd><kwd>NADH</kwd><kwd>FAD</kwd><kwd>autofluorescence</kwd><kwd>postmortem hyperthermia</kwd><kwd>forensic thanatology</kwd><kwd>time of death</kwd><kwd>postmortem changes</kwd><kwd>ambient temperature</kwd><kwd>laser-induced autofluorescence spectroscopy</kwd><kwd>review</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>постмортальный период</kwd><kwd>ДНС</kwd><kwd>коферменты</kwd><kwd>НАДH</kwd><kwd>ФАД</kwd><kwd>аутофлюоресценция</kwd><kwd>посмертная гипертермия</kwd><kwd>судебно-медицинская танатология</kwd><kwd>давность наступления смерти</kwd><kwd>посмертные изменения</kwd><kwd>температура окружающей среды</kwd><kwd>лазер-индуцированная аутофлюоресцентная спектроскопия</kwd><kwd>обзор</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>死后经过时间</kwd><kwd>死亡时间</kwd><kwd>辅酶</kwd><kwd>NADH</kwd><kwd>FAD</kwd><kwd>自体荧光</kwd><kwd>死后高热</kwd><kwd>法医死亡学</kwd><kwd>死后经过时间</kwd><kwd>死后变化</kwd><kwd>环境温度</kwd><kwd>激光诱导自体荧光光谱</kwd><kwd>综述</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Halikov AA, Kildyushov EM, Kuznetsov KO, et al. 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