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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Судебная медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2411-8729</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-4161</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16326</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/fm16326</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">FGKEIL</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>科学评论</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Modern molecular genetic methods in forensic diagnosis of sudden cardiac death: a review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Современные молекулярно-генетические методы в судебно-медицинской диагностике внезапной сердечной смерти: обзор</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>现代分子遗传学方法在法医学猝死诊断中的应用：综述</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9453-4086</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4422-4692</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fomina</surname><given-names>Yana V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фомина</surname><given-names>Яна Викторовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Fomina</surname><given-names>Yana V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>fominyana2000@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8833-107X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Akmurzaev</surname><given-names>Rasul Ya.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Акмурзаев</surname><given-names>Расул Яналиевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Akmurzaev</surname><given-names>Rasul Ya.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>akmurzaevrasul@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5718-9605</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gagloeva</surname><given-names>Anna I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гаглоева</surname><given-names>Анна Измаиловна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Gagloeva</surname><given-names>Anna I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>Annagagloeva12@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2772-1679</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dzugutova</surname><given-names>Arina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дзугутова</surname><given-names>Арина Аслановна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Dzugutova</surname><given-names>Arina A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>dzugutovaari@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7255-7405</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dzhamaldinova</surname><given-names>Aishat O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Джамалдинова</surname><given-names>Айшат Орзалиевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Dzhamaldinova</surname><given-names>Aishat O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>aisha0330@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0593-226X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuleshova</surname><given-names>Lidiya V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кулешова</surname><given-names>Лидия Васильевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kuleshova</surname><given-names>Lidiya V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>lkuleshova76@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9218-1185</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Amirkhanova</surname><given-names>Sabina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Амирханова</surname><given-names>Сабина Аждаровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Amirkhanova</surname><given-names>Sabina A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>amirhanova.sabina@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9356-7968</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shlyakova</surname><given-names>Ekaterina D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шлякова</surname><given-names>Екатерина Дмитриевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Shlyakova</surname><given-names>Ekaterina D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>shlyakova-2002@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0845-3637</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Barba</surname><given-names>Polina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Барба</surname><given-names>Полина Алексеевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Barba</surname><given-names>Polina A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>Polina_tmb_2002@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7950-1399</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ishkova</surname><given-names>Polina S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ишкова</surname><given-names>Полина Сергеевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Ishkova</surname><given-names>Polina S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ishkova.polina2002@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2541-0143</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mitina</surname><given-names>Anastasia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Митина</surname><given-names>Анастасия Анатольевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Mitina</surname><given-names>Anastasia A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anastasi.m1tina@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6924-2985</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vovchenko</surname><given-names>Amalia R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вовченко</surname><given-names>Амалия Руслановна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Vovchenko</surname><given-names>Amalia R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>iamalia189@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7494-043X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Novikova</surname><given-names>Anastasiya A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новикова</surname><given-names>Анастасия Андреевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Novikova</surname><given-names>Anastasiya A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>Noviknate@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kuban State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Кубанский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Kuban State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">North Ossetian State Medical Academy</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Северо-Осетинская государственная медицинская академия</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">North Ossetian State Medical Academy</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Volgograd State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Волгоградский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Volgograd State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ryazan State Medical University named after Academician I.P. Pavlov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Рязанский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И.П. Павлова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Ryazan State Medical University named after Academician I.P. Pavlov</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The Russian National Research Medical University named after N.I. Pirogov (Pirogov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова (Пироговский Университет)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">The Russian National Research Medical University named after N.I. Pirogov (Pirogov University)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-03-16" publication-format="electronic"><day>16</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-04-13" publication-format="electronic"><day>13</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>84</fpage><lpage>99</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-11-18"><day>18</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-02-06"><day>06</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-04-13"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/16326">https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/16326</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Sudden cardiac death remains one of the leading causes of premature mortality among the working-age population, particularly in young individuals. In a substantial proportion of cases, conventional autopsy methods fail to establish a definitive cause of death. The need for new diagnostic approaches to unexplained deaths has led to the emergence and rapid development of the concept of <italic>molecular autopsy</italic>. This review analyzes the applications, limitations, and prospects of molecular genetic methods in forensic practice. This review discusses current knowledge on the genetic basis of inherited arrhythmias and cardiomyopathies, the leading causes of sudden death in the absence of structural myocardial abnormalities. The evolution of technologies is outlined, from Sanger sequencing, which formed the basis of early molecular autopsies, to next-generation sequencing, which now enables the simultaneous analysis of hundreds of genes associated with arrhythmogenic disorders. Particular attention is given to the interpretation of genetic variants, classification of their clinical significance, challenges in analyzing variants of uncertain significance, and the need for their reclassification as scientific evidence accumulates. A separate section addresses cascade family testing as a key element in preventing recurrent cases of sudden death and in organizing genetic counseling for relatives. The review substantiates the rationale for integrating molecular autopsy into the forensic medical system as a tool to enhance the evidentiary value of conclusions and to promote interdisciplinary integration of forensic medicine, cardiology, and clinical genetics. The analysis demonstrates that molecular autopsy not only expands diagnostic capabilities but also provides a foundation for the development of preventive medicine aimed at reducing inherited sudden deaths.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Внезапная сердечная смерть остаётся одной из ведущих причин преждевременной гибели трудоспособного населения, особенно среди лиц молодого возраста, при этом в значительной части случаев традиционные методы вскрытия не позволяют установить достоверную причину летального исхода. Необходимость разработки новых подходов к диагностике необъяснимых смертей обусловила появление и быстрое развитие концепции «молекулярной аутопсии». Данный обзор посвящён анализу возможностей, ограничений и перспектив применения молекулярно-генетических методов в судебно-медицинской практике. Рассмотрены современные представления о генетической природе наследственных аритмий и кардиомиопатий — ведущих причин внезапной смерти при отсутствии структурных изменений миокарда. Показана эволюция технологий — от секвенирования по Сэнгеру, ставшего основой первых «молекулярных вскрытий», до секвенирования нового поколения, обеспечивающего одновременное исследование сотен генов, связанных с аритмогенными состояниями. Особое внимание уделено вопросам интерпретации генетических вариантов, классификации их клинической значимости, трудностям анализа вариантов неопределённой патогенности и необходимости их последующей переклассификации по мере накопления научных данных. Отдельный раздел посвящён семейному каскадному тестированию как важнейшему элементу профилактики повторных случаев внезапной смерти и организации генетического консультирования родственников. В статье обоснована целесообразность внедрения «молекулярной аутопсии» в систему отечественной судебно-медицинской экспертизы как инструмента повышения доказательности заключений и междисциплинарной интеграции судебной медицины, кардиологии и клинической генетики. Проведённый анализ позволяет утверждать, что «молекулярная аутопсия» не только расширяет диагностические возможности эксперта, но и формирует основу для развития превентивной медицины, направленной на предупреждение наследственно обусловленных внезапных смертей.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>心源性猝死仍是劳动年龄人群（尤其是年轻人）过早死亡的主要原因之一，但在相当部分案例中，传统尸检方法无法确定确切死因。对不明原因死亡诊断新方法的迫切需求，催生了 “分子解剖”概念的出现与快速发展。本综述重点分析了分子遗传学技术在法医学实践中的应用潜力、局限性及前景，系统阐述了遗传性心律失常和心肌病（心肌无结构性病变时猝死的主要诱因）的遗传学机制研究进展。通过技术演进脉络——从作为早期“分子解剖”基石的桑格测序，到可同步检测数百个致心律失常相关基因的新一代测序技术，特别关注了基因变异解读的关键问题：包括临床意义分类体系、意义未明变异（VUS）的分析难点，以及随着科学证据积累所需进行的持续性重新分类。专章论述了家族级联检测作为预防猝死复发病例的核心手段，以及开展亲属遗传咨询的重要价值。本文论证了将“分子解剖”引入国内法医学鉴定体系的合理性，该技术可有效提升鉴定结论的证据效力，并推动法医学、心脏病学与临床遗传学的跨学科整合。通过分析可证实，“分子解剖”不仅拓展了法医的诊断能力，更为发展旨在预防遗传性因素所致猝死的预防性医学奠定了基础。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>sudden cardiac death</kwd><kwd>molecular autopsy</kwd><kwd>next-generation sequencing</kwd><kwd>inherited arrhythmias</kwd><kwd>cardiomyopathies</kwd><kwd>genetic variant interpretation</kwd><kwd>cascade genetic testing</kwd><kwd>forensic diagnosis</kwd><kwd>genetic testing</kwd><kwd>review</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>внезапная сердечная смерть</kwd><kwd>молекулярная аутопсия</kwd><kwd>секвенирование нового поколения</kwd><kwd>наследственные аритмии</kwd><kwd>кардиомиопатии</kwd><kwd>интерпретация генетических вариантов</kwd><kwd>каскадное генетическое тестирование</kwd><kwd>судебно-медицинская диагностика</kwd><kwd>генетическая экспертиза</kwd><kwd>обзор</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>心源性猝死</kwd><kwd>分子解剖学</kwd><kwd>新一代测序技术</kwd><kwd>遗传性心律失常</kwd><kwd>心肌病</kwd><kwd>基因变异解读</kwd><kwd>级联基因检测</kwd><kwd>法医学诊断</kwd><kwd>遗传咨询</kwd><kwd>研究综述</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Khalikov AA, Kuznetsov KO, Iskuzhina LR, Khalikova LV. 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