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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Судебная медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2411-8729</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-4161</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16326</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/fm16326</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>科学评论</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Modern Molecular Genetic Approaches in Forensic Investigation of Sudden Cardiac Death</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Современные молекулярно-генетические методы в судебно-медицинской диагностике внезапной сердечной смерти</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9453-4086</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fomina</surname><given-names>Yana V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фомина</surname><given-names>Яна Викторовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Assistant of the Department of Operative Surgery and Topographic Anatomy</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ассистент кафедры оперативной хирургии и топографической анатомии</p></bio><email>fominyana2000@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8833-107X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Akmurzaev</surname><given-names>Rasul Y.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Акмурзаев</surname><given-names>Расул Яналиевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент</p></bio><email>akmurzaevrasul@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5718-9605</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gagloeva</surname><given-names>Anna I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гаглоева</surname><given-names>Анна Измаиловна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент</p></bio><email>Annagagloeva12@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2772-1679</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dzugutova</surname><given-names>Arina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дзугутова</surname><given-names>Арина Аслановна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент</p></bio><email>dzugutovaari@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7255-7405</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dzhamaldinova</surname><given-names>Aishat O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Джамалдинова</surname><given-names>Айшат Орзалиевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент</p></bio><email>aisha0330@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0593-226X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuleshova</surname><given-names>Lidiya V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кулешова</surname><given-names>Лидия Васильевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент</p></bio><email>lkuleshova76@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9218-1185</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Amirkhanova</surname><given-names>Sabina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Амирханова</surname><given-names>Сабина Аждаровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент</p></bio><email>amirhanova.sabina@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9356-7968</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shlyakova</surname><given-names>Ekaterina D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шлякова</surname><given-names>Екатерина Дмитриевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент</p></bio><email>shlyakova-2002@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0845-3637</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Barba</surname><given-names>Polina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Барба</surname><given-names>Полина Алексеевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент</p></bio><email>Polina_tmb_2002@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7950-1399</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ishkova</surname><given-names>Polina S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ишкова</surname><given-names>Полина Сергеевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент</p></bio><email>ishkova.polina2002@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2541-0143</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mitina</surname><given-names>Anastasia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Митина</surname><given-names>Анастасия Анатольевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент</p></bio><email>anastasi.m1tina@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6924-2985</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vovchenko</surname><given-names>Amaliya R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вовченко</surname><given-names>Амалия Руслановна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент</p></bio><email>iamalia189@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7494-043X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Novikova</surname><given-names>Anastasia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новикова</surname><given-names>Анастасия Андреевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент</p></bio><email>Noviknate@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kuban State Medical University, Krasnodar, Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Кубанский государственный медицинский университет, Краснодар, Россия</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">North Ossetian State Medical Academy, Vladikavkaz, Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Северо-Осетинская государственная медицинская академия, Владикавказ, Россия</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Волгоградский государственный медицинский университет, Волгоград, Россия</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ryazan State Medical University named after Academician I. P. Pavlov, Ryazan, Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Рязанский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И. П. Павлова, Рязань, Россия</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (Pirogov university), Moscow, Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н. И. Пирогова (Пироговский университет), Москва, Россия</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-03-16" publication-format="electronic"><day>16</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-11-18"><day>18</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-02-06"><day>06</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; , Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; , Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-03-16"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/16326">https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/16326</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Sudden cardiac death remains one of the leading causes of premature mortality, especially among young and middle-aged individuals, while in a considerable number of cases traditional autopsy methods fail to establish a definitive cause of death. The need for novel diagnostic approaches to so-called “unexplained deaths” has led to the emergence and rapid development of the concept of molecular autopsy. This review analyzes the capabilities, limitations, and prospects of applying molecular-genetic methods in forensic medical practice. The paper discusses current understanding of the genetic basis of hereditary arrhythmias and cardiomyopathies, which are the main causes of sudden death in the absence of structural myocardial abnormalities. The evolution of sequencing technologies is described — from the classical Sanger method, which laid the foundation for the first molecular autopsies, to next-generation sequencing that enables simultaneous analysis of hundreds of genes associated with arrhythmogenic conditions. Particular attention is given to the interpretation and classification of genetic variants, the challenges of analyzing variants of uncertain significance, and the importance of their periodic reclassification as new scientific data become available. A separate section highlights the role of family cascade testing as a key preventive tool for identifying at-risk relatives and organizing genetic counseling. The article substantiates the importance of introducing molecular autopsy into the Russian forensic medical system as a means of improving diagnostic accuracy and promoting interdisciplinary integration between forensic medicine, cardiology, and clinical genetics. The analysis concludes that molecular autopsy not only enhances the evidential value of forensic examinations but also provides a foundation for preventive medicine aimed at reducing hereditary cases of sudden death.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Внезапная сердечная смерть остаётся одной из ведущих причин преждевременной гибели трудоспособного населения, особенно среди лиц молодого возраста, при этом в значительной части случаев традиционные методы вскрытия не позволяют установить достоверную причину летального исхода. Необходимость разработки новых подходов к диагностике так называемых «необъяснимых» смертей обусловила появление и быстрое развитие концепции молекулярной аутопсии. Данный обзор посвящён анализу возможностей, ограничений и перспектив применения молекулярно-генетических методов в судебно-медицинской практике. Рассмотрены современные представления о генетической природе наследственных аритмий и кардиомиопатий, являющихся ведущими причинами внезапной смерти при отсутствии структурных изменений миокарда. Показана эволюция технологий — от секвенирования по Сэнгеру, ставшего основой первых молекулярных вскрытий, до секвенирования нового поколения, обеспечивающего одновременное исследование сотен генов, связанных с аритмогенными состояниями. Особое внимание уделено вопросам интерпретации генетических вариантов, классификации их клинической значимости, трудностям анализа вариантов неопределённой патогенности и необходимости их последующей переклассификации по мере накопления научных данных. Отдельный раздел посвящён семейному каскадному тестированию как важнейшему элементу профилактики повторных случаев внезапной смерти и организации генетического консультирования родственников.В статье обоснована целесообразность внедрения молекулярной аутопсии в систему отечественной судебно-медицинской экспертизы как инструмента повышения доказательности заключений и междисциплинарной интеграции судебной медицины, кардиологии и клинической генетики. Проведённый анализ позволяет заключить, что молекулярная аутопсия не только расширяет диагностические возможности эксперта, но и формирует основу для развития превентивной медицины, направленной на предупреждение наследственно обусловленных внезапных смертей.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p/></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>sudden cardiac death</kwd><kwd>molecular autopsy</kwd><kwd>next-generation sequencing</kwd><kwd>hereditary arrhythmias</kwd><kwd>cardiomyopathies</kwd><kwd>genetic variant interpretation</kwd><kwd>cascade genetic testing</kwd><kwd>forensic medical diagnostics</kwd><kwd>genetic expertise</kwd><kwd>review</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>внезапная сердечная смерть</kwd><kwd>молекулярная аутопсия</kwd><kwd>секвенирование нового поколения</kwd><kwd>наследственные аритмии</kwd><kwd>кардиомиопатии</kwd><kwd>интерпретация генетических вариантов</kwd><kwd>каскадное генетическое тестирование</kwd><kwd>судебно-медицинская диагностика</kwd><kwd>генетическая экспертиза</kwd><kwd>обзор</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Khalikov AA, Kuznetsov KO, Iskuzhina LR, Khalikova LV. 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