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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Судебная медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2411-8729</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-4161</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16307</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/fm16307</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">DSMDDR</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>科学评论</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Innovative strategies for estimating the postmortem interval in forensic practice: multiomics, artificial intelligence, and hybrid models (a review)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инновационные стратегии установления давности наступления смерти в экспертной практике: мультиомика, искусственный интеллект и комбинированные модели (обзор)</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>法医学鉴定中确定死亡时间的创新策略：多组学、人工智能与综合模型（综述）</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2534-6385</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8904-2046</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mustafina</surname><given-names>Gulgena R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мустафина</surname><given-names>Гульгена Раисовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Mustafina</surname><given-names>Gulgena R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><email>gulgenarm@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2405-1801</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3053-3773</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuznetsov</surname><given-names>Kirill O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузнецов</surname><given-names>Кирилл Олегович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kuznetsov</surname><given-names>Kirill O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD</p></bio><email>kuznetsovarticles@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5484-9574</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2589-3752</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kosobutskaya</surname><given-names>Svetlana A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кособуцкая</surname><given-names>Светлана Александровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kosobutskaya</surname><given-names>Svetlana A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>fotinia78@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4998-3532</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8809-6895</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sokolovskiy</surname><given-names>Maksim A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соколовский</surname><given-names>Максим Александрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Sokolovskiy</surname><given-names>Maksim A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>maks_sokolovskiy@internet.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7823-9322</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Semenova</surname><given-names>Alvina I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семёнова</surname><given-names>Альвина Ивановна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Semenova</surname><given-names>Alvina I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>semyonowaalvina@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9654-3269</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5855-3161</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Korotun</surname><given-names>Valeriy N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коротун</surname><given-names>Валерий Николаевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Korotun</surname><given-names>Valeriy N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><email>korotun_vn@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bashkir State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Башкирский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Bashkir State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ufa University of Science and Technology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Уфимский университет науки и технологий</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Ufa University of Science and Technology</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Бюро судебно-медицинской экспертизы</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The Russian National Research Medical University named after N.I. Pirogov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">The Russian National Research Medical University named after N.I. Pirogov</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-10-27" publication-format="electronic"><day>27</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-11-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>276</fpage><lpage>288</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-07-25"><day>25</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-10-13"><day>13</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2027-11-24"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/16307">https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/16307</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Determination of the postmortem interval remains one of the key tasks in forensic practice, as the accuracy of this assessment directly affects the objectivity of expert conclusions and the effectiveness of investigative procedures. Traditional postmortem interval estimation methods based on morphological indicators and thermometry have limited reliability, especially in the late postmortem period. Current research focuses on developing innovative approaches employing molecular technologies, microbiome analysis, multiomic strategies, and the integration of artificial intelligence for large-scale data processing.</p> <p>This review summarizes modern methods for estimating the postmortem interval, including nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) analysis, proteomic and metabolomic approaches, and the study of microbiome changes. Particular attention is given to immunohistochemical markers, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance for quantification of biochemical processes in tissues and biological fluids. The prospects of applying molecular and chemical methods in forensic entomology during the late postmortem period are highlighted. A separate section discusses the use of machine and deep learning algorithms to construct predictive models based on multimodal data, including microbiome profiles, imaging features, and environmental parameters. Examples of combined approaches integrating biomolecular markers and computational technologies are presented, enabling more accurate estimation of the postmortem interval during both early and late postmortem periods.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Определение давности наступления смерти является одной из ключевых задач судебно-медицинской практики, от точности решения которой зависит объективность экспертных заключений и эффективность следственных действий. Традиционные методы оценки давности наступления смерти, основанные на морфологических признаках и термометрии, обладают ограниченной эффективностью, особенно в позднем постмортальном периоде. Современные исследования сосредоточены на разработке инновационных подходов, основанных на молекулярных технологиях, анализе микробиоты, применении мультиомных стратегий и интеграции методов искусственного интеллекта для обработки больших массивов данных.</p> <p>В обзоре представлены современные методы оценки давности наступления смерти, включая анализ нуклеиновых кислот (ДНК и РНК), протеомные и метаболомные подходы, а также изучение микробиомных изменений. Особое внимание уделено применению иммуногистохимических маркёров, масс-спектрометрии и ядерного магнитного резонанса для количественного анализа биохимических процессов в тканях и биологических жидкостях. Отмечены перспективы использования молекулярных и химических методов в судебной энтомологии в позднем постмортальном периоде. Отдельный раздел посвящён применению методов машинного и глубокого обучения для построения предиктивных моделей на основе мультимодальных данных, включая микробиомные профили, визуализационные признаки и климатические параметры. Описаны примеры комбинированных подходов, сочетающих биомолекулярные маркёры и вычислительные технологии, что позволяет повысить точность оценки давности наступления смерти как в раннем, так и в позднем постмортальном периоде.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>确定死亡时间是法医学鉴定中的关键任务之一，其准确性直接影响专家结论的客观性及刑事调查的效率。传统的死亡时间评估方法主要基于形态学指标与体温测定，但在死亡后期阶段效果有限。当前研究集中于基于分子技术、微生物组分析、多组学策略及人工智能整合的大数据处理等创新方法的开发。</p> <p>本文综述了确定死亡时间的现代方法，包括核酸（DNA与RNA）分析、蛋白质组学与代谢组学技术，以及微生物组变化的研究。特别关注免疫组织化学标志物、质谱分析与核磁共振技术在定量评估组织与生物液中生化过程中的应用。此外，还探讨了分子与化学分析在死亡后期法医昆虫学中的应用前景。综述的另一重点是探讨机器学习与深度学习方法在基于多模态数据构建预测模型中的应用。这些数据包括微生物组谱系、影像特征及气候参数等。文章列举了多种结合生物分子标志物与计算模型的综合策略实例，显示此类模型能显著提高死亡时间估算的准确性，无论是在早期还是晚期尸体现象阶段。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>postmortem interval</kwd><kwd>forensic medicine</kwd><kwd>multiomics</kwd><kwd>molecular markers</kwd><kwd>proteomics</kwd><kwd>metabolomics</kwd><kwd>microbiome</kwd><kwd>forensic entomology</kwd><kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd><kwd>machine learning</kwd><kwd>hybrid models</kwd><kwd>forensic expertise</kwd><kwd>review</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>давность наступления смерти</kwd><kwd>судебная медицина</kwd><kwd>мультиомика</kwd><kwd>молекулярные маркёры</kwd><kwd>протеомика</kwd><kwd>метаболомика</kwd><kwd>микробиом</kwd><kwd>судебная энтомология</kwd><kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd><kwd>машинное обучение</kwd><kwd>комбинированные модели</kwd><kwd>судебно-медицинская экспертиза</kwd><kwd>обзор</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>死亡时间评估</kwd><kwd>法医学</kwd><kwd>多组学</kwd><kwd>分子标志物</kwd><kwd>蛋白质组学</kwd><kwd>代谢组学</kwd><kwd>微生物组</kwd><kwd>法医昆虫学</kwd><kwd>人工智能</kwd><kwd>机器学习</kwd><kwd>综合模型</kwd><kwd>法医学鉴定</kwd><kwd>综述</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Indiaminov SI, Zhumanov ZE, Blinova SA. 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