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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Судебная медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2411-8729</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-4161</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16192</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/fm16192</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>科学评论</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Prospects for histomorphological and genetic diagnosis of autopsy-negative sudden cardiac death</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Перспективы гистоморфологической и генетической диагностики аутопсия-негативной внезапной сердечной смерти</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>尸检阴性心源性猝死的组织形态学和遗传学诊断前景</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7791-3041</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7785-0838</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kulbitskiy</surname><given-names>Boris N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кульбицкий</surname><given-names>Борис Николаевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kulbitskiy</surname><given-names>Boris N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>kulbitskiybn@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4136-8691</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vladykina</surname><given-names>Olga A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Владыкина</surname><given-names>Ольга Александровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Vladykina</surname><given-names>Olga A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>olavtryggvason@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9111-8623</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2777-2674</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bogomolov</surname><given-names>Dmitry V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Богомолов</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Валериевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Bogomolov</surname><given-names>Dmitry V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>usicc@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2996-6194</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8764-6577</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kadykova</surname><given-names>Anastasya I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кадыкова</surname><given-names>Анастасия Игоревна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kadykova</surname><given-names>Anastasya I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>KadykovaAI@sportfmba.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8389-3841</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2957-1687</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Deev</surname><given-names>Roman V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Деев</surname><given-names>Роман Вадимович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Deev</surname><given-names>Roman V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><email>romdey@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный центр хирургии имени академика Б.В. Петровского</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет имени И.И. Мечникова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal Research and Clinical Center of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный научно-клинический центр спортивной медицины и реабилитации</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Federal Research and Clinical Center of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-12-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-12-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>589</fpage><lpage>601</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-10-23"><day>23</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-12-11"><day>11</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2024,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-12-29"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/16192">https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/16192</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This article presents the prospects of histological and genetic diagnosis in cases of sudden cardiac death where primary autopsy findings do not reveal obvious pathological changes.</p> <p>In recent years, the number of autopsy-negative sudden cardiac deaths has increased, creating a need for more precise diagnostic methods to determine the cause of death and potentially prevent such cases in the future. The article examines modern histological examination techniques for cardiac tissues, as well as molecular genetic testing approaches that may be useful in identifying subclinical conditions leading to sudden cardiac death.</p> <p>Molecular genetic methods for investigating sudden cardiac death remain underexplored. To date, large-scale studies on the molecular genetic causes of such fatalities are lacking in Russia, highlighting the need for further research at the intersection of medical genetics, pathological anatomy, and forensic medicine.</p> <p>This article provides a brief review of histological and genetic diagnosis of sudden cardiac death, where the authors propose integrating these methods into the diagnostic process to enhance their effectiveness in pathological and forensic medical practice. The authors emphasize the necessity of further research, including the application of advanced technologies in histological and genetic analysis, as well as big data analytics to identify new pathological mechanisms of sudden cardiac death.</p> <p>Medical genetic counseling on predisposition to sudden cardiac death can help identify at-risk individuals and reduce mortality. In the future, it may become possible to establish links between genetic predictors of sudden cardiac death and defects in myocardial contractile protein expression, with subsequent confirmation using immunohistochemical analysis.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В статье представлены перспективы гистологической и генетической диагностики случаев внезапной сердечной смерти, при которых первичные результаты аутопсии не выявляют очевидных патологических изменений.</p> <p>В последние годы наблюдается увеличение числа случаев аутопсия-негативной, в том числе сердечной смерти, что создаёт предпосылки для разработки методов более точной диагностики причин летального исхода и возможной профилактики подобных случаев в будущем. В статье рассматриваются современные методы гистологического исследования тканей сердца, а также подходы к молекулярно-генетическому тестированию, которые могут быть полезны в идентификации субклинических состояний, приводящих к внезапной сердечной смерти.</p> <p>Молекулярно-генетические методы исследования внезапной сердечной смерти остаются малоизученными, и на сегодняшний день в России недостаточно крупных исследований молекулярно-генетических причин подобных летальных исходов, что обусловливает перспективность развития направления на стыке медицинской генетики, патологической анатомии и судебно-медицинской экспертизы.</p> <p>Статья представляет собой краткий обзор результатов гистологической и генетической диагностики случаев внезапной сердечной смерти, в котором авторы предлагают подходы к интеграции данных методов в диагностический процесс, что обеспечит их эффективное использование в патологоанатомической и судебно-медицинской практике. Авторы статьи указывают на необходимость дальнейших исследований, включая использование новейших технологий в гистологическом и генетическом анализе, а также анализ больших данных для выявления новых патологических механизмов внезапной сердечной смерти.</p> <p>Медико-генетическое консультирование по вопросам генетической предрасположенности к внезапной сердечной смерти поможет выявить группу риска и снизить смертность. В будущем возможно выявление связи генетических предикторов внезапной сердечной смерти с дефектами экспрессии сократительных белков миокарда с последующим подтверждением этих дефектов методом иммуногистохимического анализа.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>本文介绍了在尸检未发现明显病理变化的情况下，对心源性猝死进行组织学和遗传学诊断的前景。</p> <p>近年来，尸检阴性病例，包括心源性猝死的数量有所增加，这为开发更精确的死亡原因诊断方法和未来类似情况的预防提供了可能性。本文探讨了现代心脏组织学研究方法以及分子遗传学测试的应用，这些方法在识别导致心源性猝死的亚临床状态中可能具有重要作用。</p> <p>目前，分子遗传学方法在心源性猝死研究中的应用仍处于初步阶段，在俄罗斯关于类似死亡病例分子遗传学原因的大规模研究仍然不足，这凸显了医学遗传学、病理解剖学和法医学交叉领域发展的潜力。</p> <p>本文简要回顾了心源性猝死病例的组织学和遗传学诊断研究成果，提出了将这些方法整合到诊断过程中的方法，以便在病理解剖和法医学实践中高效应用。作者强调了进一步研究的必要性，包括采用最新的组织学和遗传学分析技术，以及通过大数据分析发现新的心源性猝死病理机制。</p> <p>医学遗传学咨询可用于评估心源性猝死的遗传易感性，从而识别高危人群并降低死亡率。在未来，可能会发现心源性猝死的遗传预测因子与心肌收缩蛋白表达缺陷之间的联系，并通过免疫组织化学分析进一步确认这些缺陷。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>sudden cardiac death</kwd><kwd>autopsy-negative cardiac death</kwd><kwd>pathological anatomy</kwd><kwd>histology</kwd><kwd>genetic profiling</kwd><kwd>cardiac pathology</kwd><kwd>macroscopic assessment</kwd><kwd>hidden pathological processes</kwd><kwd>genetic mutations</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>внезапная сердечная смерть</kwd><kwd>аутопсия-негативная сердечная смерть</kwd><kwd>патологическая анатомия</kwd><kwd>гистология</kwd><kwd>генетическое типирование</kwd><kwd>сердечная патология</kwd><kwd>макроскопическая оценка</kwd><kwd>скрытые патологические процессы</kwd><kwd>генетические мутации</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>心源性猝死</kwd><kwd>尸检阴性心脏猝死</kwd><kwd>病理解剖学</kwd><kwd>组织学</kwd><kwd>遗传分型</kwd><kwd>心脏病理</kwd><kwd>宏观评估</kwd><kwd>隐性病理过程</kwd><kwd>遗传突变</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was carried out on the basis of the State task: “Study of genetic markers limiting and determining the success of competitive activity, prevention of undesirable consequences of such activity for life and health of athletes” (code: “MGI-22”). Registration number of the R&amp;D project: 122032300491-3.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Научная работа проведена в рамках государственного задания «Изучение генетических маркеров, лимитирующих и определяющих успешность соревновательной деятельности, профилактика нежелательных последствий такой деятельности для жизни и здоровья спортсменов» (шифр: «МГИ-22»). Регистрационный номер НИОКТР: 122032300491-3.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="zh">The work was carried out on the basis of the State task: “Study of genetic markers limiting and determining the success of competitive activity, prevention of undesirable consequences of such activity for life and health of athletes” (code: “MGI-22”). 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