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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Судебная медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2411-8729</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-4161</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16184</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/fm16184</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">SMKOFK</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Systematic reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Систематические обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>系统回顾</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Naturalistic modeling of cerebral lobes in the ancestral societies of Tawantinsuyu, with a focus on forensic anthropology: a systematic review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Искусственная деформация черепа в родовых обществах государства Тауантинсуйу с фокусом на судебную антропологию: систематический обзор</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>以法医人类学为视角的Tawantinsuyu国家氏族社会颅骨人工变形实践：系统综述</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3367-4920</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lopez Toribio</surname><given-names>Roe M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Lopez Toribio</surname><given-names>Roe Mio</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Lopez Toribio</surname><given-names>Roe M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="PE">Peru</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><email>miolopeztoribio@hotmail.Com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4966-1059</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sifuentes Carhuapoma</surname><given-names>Emil T.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Sifuentes Carhuapoma</surname><given-names>Emil Teofanes</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Sifuentes Carhuapoma</surname><given-names>Emil T.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="PE">Peru</country></address><email>uhcorp.sac@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4488-252X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Manrique de Lara Suarez</surname><given-names>Digna A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Manrique de Lara Suarez</surname><given-names>Digna Amabilia</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Manrique de Lara Suarez</surname><given-names>Digna A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="PE">Peru</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD</p></bio><email>dmanrique@unheval.edu.pe</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0440-2504</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Figueroa Sanchez</surname><given-names>Ibeth C.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Figueroa Sanchez</surname><given-names>Ibeth Catherine</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Figueroa Sanchez</surname><given-names>Ibeth C.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="PE">Peru</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD</p></bio><email>cfigueroa@unheval.edu.pe</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3016-663X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Castaneda Eugenio</surname><given-names>Nancy E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Castaneda Eugenio</surname><given-names>Nancy Eugenio</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Castaneda Eugenio</surname><given-names>Nancy E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="PE">Peru</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD</p></bio><email>ncastaneda@unheval.edu.pe</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><institution>Hermilio Valdizan National University</institution></aff><aff id="aff2"><institution>Confederacion de las naciones del Tawantinsuyu</institution></aff><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-10-20" publication-format="electronic"><day>20</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-11-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>245</fpage><lpage>265</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-09-06"><day>06</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-11-07"><day>07</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2027-11-24"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/16184">https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/16184</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND<italic>: </italic></bold>This review evaluates naturalistic modeling of cerebral lobes practices among different ancestral societies within the framework of the growing interest in understanding the social and political dynamics of the Inca Empire in Tawantinsuyu. The article discusses the history, objectives, and importance of this practice from neuroanatomical and cultural perspectives.</p> <p><bold>AIM<italic>: </italic></bold>To explore the potential associations between the practices of naturalistic modeling of cerebral lobes in the ancestral societies of Tawantinsuyu, with a focus on forensic anthropology.</p> <p><bold>METHODS<italic>: </italic></bold>The studies were carefully selected using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) quality scale. Full-text publications from databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Embase, and Web of Science were analyzed from 1947 to 2024.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS<italic>: </italic></bold>We identified 83 articles, of which 63 were then included in this systematic review. An analysis was performed on observational studies that collectively described 9,161 cases. Two main cranial styles—tabular and annular—were identified by applying varied mechanical apparatus, thereby resulting in several cranial shapes. Neuroanatomically, each modeling technique and the duration for which mechanical stress was applied, then influenced the solidification of cranial bones and association with the cranial lobes, particularly, the frontal, occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes differently.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS<italic>: </italic></bold>In Tawantinsuyu, the practice of naturalistic modeling of cerebral lobes was used to demonstrate group identity, since the modeling of the cranial shape corresponding to a particular headdress was used to distinguish an individual’s social identity, separating different societal groups into ancestral societies. The custom has also been used to mark territory and emphasize native differences between groups, with potential cognitive implications that were largely unrecorded.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Учитывая растущий интерес к изучению социальной и политической динамики в период существования государства инков — Тауантинсуйу, в этом обзоре рассматривается практика искусственной деформации черепа у представителей различных родовых сообществ. В статье описаны история, цели и значение данной практики с точки зрения нейроанатомии и культуры.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования. </bold>Изучение связей между практиками искусственной деформации черепа в родовых обществах Тауантинсуйу с акцентом на их значение в контексте судебной антропологии.</p> <p><bold>Методы. </bold>С использованием руководства по обеспечению качества систематических обзоров и метаанализов PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and the Meta-Analyses) проведён систематический обзор исследований путём рассмотрения полнотекстовых статей, поиск которых осуществляли в поисковых системах (PubMed, Google Scholar) и базах данных (Scopus, ScienceDirect, Embase и Web of Science) за период с 1947 по 2024 гг.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Отобрано 83 статьи, из которых 63 включены в настоящий систематический обзор. Анализировали наблюдательные исследования, которые в совокупности описывали 9161 случай. Две основных формы черепа (с уплощённой и кольцевой деформацией) достигали с помощью различных механических приспособлений, что позволяло получать несколько вариантов изменения его конфигурации. С точки зрения нейроанатомии каждая техника деформации и длительность механического воздействия по-разному влияли на процессы окостенения черепа и пространственного расположения отделов головного мозг — лобных, затылочных, теменных и височных долей.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>В Тауантинсуйу практику искусственной деформации черепа использовали для демонстрации групповой принадлежности, поскольку моделирование его формы и ношение соответствующих головных уборов позволяло определить социальный статуса индивида, что помогало разделять различные социальные группы на родовые общества. Этот обычай также был средством территориальной идентификации и подчёркивал различия между группами местных жителей, что могло иметь потенциальные когнитивные последствия, преимущественно оставшиеся незафиксированными.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>论证：随着对印加帝国——Tawantinsuyu时期社会与政治动态的研究兴趣日益增长，本文系统回顾了该地区不同氏族群体中颅骨人工变形（Artificial Cranial Deformation, ACD）的文化与形态学实践。本文描述了该实践从神经解剖学与文化视角所体现的历史、目的及意义。</p> <p>目的：探讨Tawantinsuyu氏族社会颅骨人工变形的多样化实践及其在法医人类学背景下的意义。</p> <p>方法：按照系统综述与荟萃分析质量控制指南PRISMA（Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses），通过审阅全文文献，对1947年至2024年间发表的相关研究进行系统检索与综述。检索在检索引擎（PubMed、Google Scholar）和数据库（Scopus、ScienceDirect、Embase、Web of Science）中进行。</p> <p>结果：共筛选出83篇文献，其中63篇纳入本系统综述。分析的观察性研究共描述了9161例病例。主要的两种变形类型（扁平型与环状型）通过不同的机械固定装置实现，从而形成多种颅骨构型变异。从神经解剖学角度看，不同固定方式及作用持续时间对颅骨骨化过程及脑各叶额叶、枕叶、顶叶和颞叶的空间结构产生不同影响。</p> <p>结论：在Tawantinsuyu社会中，颅骨人工变形被用作展示群体归属的方式。通过塑造颅骨形态并佩戴相应的头饰，可以辨别个人的社会地位，从而将不同社会群体区分为氏族共同体。这一习俗也是一种地域性身份标志，突显了不同地方群体之间的差异，并可能具有潜在的神经认知影响，但大多未被记录。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>naturalistic modeling of cerebral lobes</kwd><kwd>artificial cranial deformation</kwd><kwd>intentional deformation of the skull</kwd><kwd>Tawantinsuyu region</kwd><kwd>ancestral civilization</kwd><kwd>cranial deformation</kwd><kwd>systematic review</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>натуралистическое моделирование долей головного мозга</kwd><kwd>искусственная деформация черепа</kwd><kwd>преднамеренная деформация черепа</kwd><kwd>регион Тауантинсуйу</kwd><kwd>древняя цивилизация</kwd><kwd>модификация черепа</kwd><kwd>систематический обзор</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>脑叶自然建模</kwd><kwd>颅骨人工变形</kwd><kwd>故意颅骨变形</kwd><kwd>Tawantinsuyu</kwd><kwd>古代文明</kwd><kwd>颅骨改造</kwd><kwd>系统综述</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Hoptman MJ, Davidson RJ. 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