<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Судебная медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2411-8729</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-4161</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16176</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/fm16176</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>科学评论</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Artificial intelligence for the detection of forensic practitioner errors: a review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Применение систем искусственного интеллекта при установлении экспертных ошибок: научный обзор</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>人工智能系统在证实鉴定错误中的应用：科学综述</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7813-9175</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7972-1858</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bakenova</surname><given-names>Aigerim K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бакенова</surname><given-names>Айгерим Канатовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Bakenova</surname><given-names>Aigerim K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="KZ">Kazakhstan</country></address><email>alesina93@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6659-8576</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1929-3392</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Begaliyev</surname><given-names>Yernar N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бегалиев</surname><given-names>Ернар Нурланович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Begaliyev</surname><given-names>Yernar N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="KZ">Kazakhstan</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Legal), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор юр. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>ernar-begaliev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6547-0869</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3074-7383</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Aubakirova</surname><given-names>Anna A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аубакирова</surname><given-names>Анна Александровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Aubakirova</surname><given-names>Anna A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Legal), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор юр. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Dr. Sci. (Legal), Professor</p></bio><email>anna_lir@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0869-601X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8301-7165</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bakhteev</surname><given-names>Dmitry V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бахтеев</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Валерьевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Bakhteev</surname><given-names>Dmitry V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Legal), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор юр. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Dr. Sci. (Legal), Associate Professor</p></bio><email>dmitry.bakhteev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8208-6623</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5926-1900</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kussainova</surname><given-names>Larissa K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кусаинова</surname><given-names>Лариса Канатовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kussainova</surname><given-names>Larissa K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="KZ">Kazakhstan</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Legal), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат юридических наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Legal), Associate Professor</p></bio><email>klarisa_777@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Академия государственного управления при Президенте Республики Казахстан</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Academy of Law Enforcement Agencies under the General Prosecutors Office of the Republic of Kazakhstan</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Академия правоохранительных органов при Генеральной прокуратуре Республики Казахстан</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Academy of Law Enforcement Agencies under the General Prosecutors Office of the Republic of Kazakhstan</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg University of Humanities and Social Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский гуманитарный университет профсоюзов</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">St. Petersburg University of Humanities and Social Sciences</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ural State Law University named after V.F. Yakovlev</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Уральский государственный юридический университет имени В.Ф. Яковлева</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Ural State Law University named after V.F. Yakovlev</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Karaganda University named on E.A. Buketov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Карагандинский университет имени академика Е.А. Букетова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Karaganda University named on E.A. Buketov</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-03-18" publication-format="electronic"><day>18</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-04-03" publication-format="electronic"><day>03</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>76</fpage><lpage>87</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-08-08"><day>08</day><month>08</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-01-15"><day>15</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2027-03-03"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/16176">https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/16176</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article discusses the opportunities and challenges associated with the use of artificial intelligence analyze and mitigate forensic practitioner errors. The significance of the study is justified by the increasing demands on the accuracy of expert opinions in forensic medicine and the need to minimize errors that can result in erroneous legal judgments. The advancements in technologies such as machine learning, neural networks, and deep learning algorithms are opening up new opportunities to improve the quality of expert work.</p> <p>A review incorporated a SWOT analysis to assess the advantages and disadvantages of artificial intelligence in forensic practice, along with potential opportunities and risks. The analysis demonstrated that the major advantages of artificial intelligence technologies are associated with high accuracy, stability, response time, and the ability to identify complex data patterns. However, the analysis also identified significant limitations, including the need for high-quality training datasets, significant financial costs, and problems related to the interpretability of artificial intelligence solutions. The identified risks include ethical aspects, information security, and legal limitations.</p> <p>This review focuses on the analysis of current artificial intelligence solutions for the detection and correction of forensic errors, with particular attention paid to innovative methods that can improve the diagnosis of the mechanism of injury, the identification of the cause of death, and the recognition of inconsistent expert opinions. The article discusses real-life examples of using artificial intelligence technologies in forensic practice, and the prospects for their further integration. The analysis demonstrates the significant potential of artificial intelligence to improve the accuracy and reliability of forensic examinations.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Статья посвящена возможностям и трудностям применения систем искусственного интеллекта для анализа и устранения судебно-медицинских экспертных ошибок. Актуальность работы обусловлена растущими требованиями к точности экспертных оценок в судебной медицине и необходимостью минимизировать ошибки, которые могут привести к неверным судебным решениям. Развитие технологий, таких как машинное обучение, нейронные сети и алгоритмы глубокого обучения, открывают новые возможности для повышения качества экспертной деятельности.</p> <p>В рамках обзора проведён SWOT-анализ, направленный на оценку сильных и слабых сторон использования искусственного интеллекта в судебно-экспертной практике, а также возможных перспектив и рисков. Анализ показал, что основные преимущества технологий искусственного интеллекта связаны с высокой точностью, стабильностью, быстродействием и возможностью выявления сложных паттернов в данных. Однако существуют и значительные ограничения, такие как необходимость качественных обучающих наборов данных, финансовые затраты и проблема интерпретируемости решений искусственного интеллекта. Выявленные угрозы касаются этических вопросов, информационной безопасности и правовых барьеров.</p> <p>Данный обзор посвящён анализу существующих подходов к применению искусственного интеллекта для выявления и исправления судебно-медицинских ошибок, где особое внимание уделено современным методам, способным улучшить диагностику механизма травм, установление причин смерти и выявление несоответствий в экспертных заключениях. В статье приведены примеры реального использования технологий искусственного интеллекта в судебно-медицинской практике, а также рассмотрены перспективы их дальнейшей интеграции. Результаты проведённого анализа свидетельствуют о значительном потенциале искусственного интеллекта в повышении точности и надёжности судебных экспертиз.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>文章重点介绍了应用人工智能系统分析和纠正法医鉴定错误的潜力和困难。文章的重要性在于，对法医学鉴定评估准确性的不断提高的严格要求，以及最大限度地减少可能导致错误裁定失误的必要性。机器学习、神经网络和深度学习算法等技术的发展为提高鉴定活动的质量提供了新的可能。</p> <p>在科学综述的框架下，进行了SWOT分析，旨在评估在法医鉴定实践中使用人工智能的优、劣势，以及潜在的前景和风险。分析表明，人工智能技术的主要优势在于高准确性、稳定性、快速性，且可以识别数据中复杂的形态。然而，也有相当大的限制，例如需要优质的训练数据集、财务成本，以及人工智能解决方案的解读能力问题。已发现的风险涉及道德问题、信息安全和法律障碍。</p> <p>本综述分析使用人工智能识别和纠正法医错误的现有方法，重点强调了能够改进损伤机制诊断、确定死亡原因和识别鉴定意见中不一致的先进方法。本文给出了人工智能技术在法医实践中实际应用的例子，并介绍了它们进一步整合的前景。分析结果表明，人工智能在提高法医鉴定的准确性和可靠性方面具有巨大潜力。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd><kwd>forensic practitioner errors</kwd><kwd>forensic examination</kwd><kwd>review</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd><kwd>экспертные ошибки</kwd><kwd>экспертное исследование</kwd><kwd>обзор</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Pigolkin YuI, Dubrovin IA. Forensic medicine. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2023.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Russell S, Norvig P. Artificial intelligence: a modern approach. 4th ed. London: Pearson; 2020.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Shortliffe EH, Buchanan BG. A model of inexact reasoning in medicine. Mathematical Biosciences. 1975;23(3-4):351–379. doi: 10.1016/0025-5564(75)90047-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>DiMaio D, DiMaio VJM. Forensic pathology. 2rd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2001.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Saukko P, Knight B. Knight's forensic pathology. 4th ed. London: CRC Press; 2015.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Davis JH. Mistakes and failures in forensic pathology. Academic Forensic Pathology. 2011;1(4):382–385. doi: 10.23907/2011.054</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Guareschi E. Postmortem imaging in forensic cases. In: Guareschi E. Forensic pathology case studies. Cambridge: Acdemic Press; 2021. P. 79–93. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-824294-0.00003-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Lin H, Luo Y, Sun Q, et al. Determination of causes of death via spectrochemical analysis of forensic autopsies-based pulmonary edema fluid samples with deep learning algorithm. Journal of Biophotonics. 2020;13(4):e201960144. doi: 10.1002/jbio.201960144 EDN: KPZHMI</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Zeng Y, Zhang X, Yoshizumi I, et al. Deep learning-based diagnosis of fatal hypothermia using post-mortem computed tomography. The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 2023;260(3):253–261. doi: 10.1620/tjem.2023.j041 EDN: BDDMIQ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Schweitzer W, Thali M. Fatal obstructive asphyxia: trans-pulmonary density gradient characteristic as relevant identifier in postmortem CT. Journal of Forensic Radiology and Imaging. 2019;19:100337. doi: 10.1016/j.jofri.2019.100337</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Dempsey N, Bassed R, Blau S. The issues and complexities of establishing methodologies to differentiate between vertical and horizontal impact mechanisms in the analysis of skeletal trauma: an introductory femoral test. Forensic Science International. 2021;323:110785. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110785 EDN: VFRTMS</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Garland J, Ondruschka B, Stables S, et al. Identifying fatal head injuries on postmortem computed tomography using convolutional neural network/deep learning: a feasibility study. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2020;65(6):2019–2022. doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.14502 EDN: MEAYGJ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Demir S, Key S, Tuncer T, Dogan S. An exemplar pyramid feature extraction based humerus fracture classification method. Medical Hypotheses. 2020;140:109663. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109663 EDN: ACUCQF</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Tortora L, Meynen G, Bijlsma J, et al. Neuroprediction and A.I. in forensic psychiatry and criminal justice: a neurolaw perspective. Frontiers in Psychology. 2020;11:220. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00220 EDN: ZUJRFC</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Cockerill RG. Ethics implications of the use of artificial intelligence in violence risk assessment. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. 2020;48(3):345–349. doi: 10.29158/JAAPL.003940-20</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Lefèvre T, Tournois L. Artificial intelligence and diagnostics in medicine and forensic science. Diagnostics (Basel). 2023;13(23):3554. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics13233554</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Tournois L, Lefèvre T. AI in forensic medicine for the practicing doctor. In: Lidströmer N, Ashrafian H, editors. Artificial intelligence in medicine. Cham: Springer; 2022. P. 1777–1787. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-64573-1_221</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Géron A. Hands-on machine learning with scikit-learn and TensorFlow: concepts, tools, and techniques to build intelligent systems. Sebastopol: O’Reilly Media; 2017.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Bonaccorsi A, Apreda R, Fantoni G. Expert biases in technology foresight. Why they are a problem and how to mitigate them. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 2020;151:119855. doi: 10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119855 EDN: YQNVWL</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Goodfellow I, Bengio Y, Courville A. Deep learning. Cambridge: MIT Press; 2016.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Wrigley S. Taming artificial intelligence: «Bots», the GDPR and regulatory approaches. In: Corrales M, Fenwick M, Forgó N, editors. Robotics, AI and the future of law. Singapore: Springer; 2018. P. 183–208. doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-2874-9_8</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Chesnokova EV, Usov AI, Omel’yanyuk GG, Nikulina MV. Artificial intelligence in forensic expertology. Theory and Practice of Forensic Science. 2023;18(3):60–77. doi: 10.30764/1819-2785-2023-3-60-77 EDN: KJZQOY</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Rossinskaya ER, Galyashina EI, Zinin AM. Theory of forensic expertise (forenswer science). Moscow: Legal publishing house "Norma"; 2016. (In Russ.) EDN: XQOMTF</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Klimova YaA. Artificial intelligence as a tool for digital forensics. In: Proceedings of the international scientific and practical conference «Artificial intelligence and big data in the judicial and law enforcement system: realities and the demand of the time». Astana, 2023 May 19. Koschi: Academy of Law Enforcement Agencies under the Prosecutor General's Office of the Republic of Kazakhstan; 2023. P. 241–245. (In Russ.) EDN: AMULEA</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Yarmak KV. The modern trends in the development of complex expertise. Vestnik of Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2014;(6):7–12. EDN: SJDERN</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Aubakirova AA. Intellectual errors of an expert when forming his internal conviction. Moscow: Yurlitinform; 2012. (In Russ.) EDN: QSNBSD</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Edzhubov LG. Reliability and validity of the conclusions of the forensic expert. In: Smirnova SA, editor. Encyclopedic dictionary of forensic science theory: multimodal edition «Foresound expertise: reboot». Moscow: Russian Federal Center for Forensic Science under the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation; 2012. P. 100–101. (In Russ.) EDN: EYMAMC</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Schneider J, Breitinger F. Towards AI forensics: did the artificial intelligence system do it?. Journal of Information Security and Applications. 2023;76:103517. doi: 10.1016/j.jisa.2023.103517 EDN: YRAVWT</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Kokin AV, Denisov YuD. Artificial intelligence in criminalistics and forensic examination: issues of legal personality and algorithmic bias. Theory and Practice of Forensic Science. 2023;18(2):30–37. doi: 10.30764/1819-2785-2023-2-30-37 EDN: DNMRLF</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Tsvetkov YuA. Artificial intelligence in justice. Statute. 2021;(4):91–107. EDN: KOKTBD</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Hartung T. ToxAIcology – the evolving role of artificial intelligence in advancing toxicology and modernizing regulatory science. ALTEX. 2023;40(4):559–570. doi: 10.14573/altex.2309191 EDN: NHRWAZ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Chonbayev YeG, Begaliyev YeN, Kuanaliyeva GA, et al. Criminalistic aspects of torture using an artificial intelligence system: a review. Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine. 2024;10(1):37–46. doi: 10.17816/fm16102 EDN: AJSBEZ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Voyevodkin DV, Rustemova GR, Begaliyev YeN, et al. Identifying fake conclusions of forensic medical examinations using an artificial intelligence technology based on the experience in the Republic of Kazakhstan: a review. Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine. 2023;9(3):287–298. doi: 10.17816/fm8270 EDN: EFNJIE</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Sadykov MB, Begaliyev YeN, Bakhteev DV, et al. Use of artificial intelligence and human chipping in forensic medicine: a review. Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine. 2023;10(1):88–98. doi: 10.17816/fm16093 EDN: LXZIJZ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Zhantureyev ZZ, Begaliyev YeN, Aubakirova AA, Bertleuov SS. Use of an underwater drone during the study of drowned bodies: a review. Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine. 2024;10(1):68–78. doi: 10.17816/fm16097 EDN: PMIXUI</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Lee H, Tajmir S, Lee J, et al. Fully automated deep learning system for bone age assessment. Journal of Digital Imaging. 2017;30(4):427–441. doi: 10.1007/s10278-017-9955-8 EDN: VOOUOO</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Meissner G. Artificial intelligence: consciousness and conscience. AI &amp; Society. 2019;35(1):225–235. doi: 10.1007/s00146-019-00880-4 EDN: FAVXZB</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Gubaidullina EKh, Gavrilov IA. Artificial intelligence in China civil proceedings. In: Collection of materials of the VIII International scientific and practical conference “Contemporary strategies and digital transformations of sustainable development of society, education and science”. Moscow, 2023 Apr 7. Moscow: Limited Liability Company "ALEF Publishing House"; 2023. P. 59–63. (In Russ.) doi: 10.34755/IROK.2023.26.55.070 EDN: RKWEME</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Sharma R. 36 exploring the ethical implications of AI in legal decision-making. Indian Journal of Law. 2023;1(1):42–50. doi: 10.36676/ijl.2023-v1i1-06</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Orakbayev AB, Kurmangali ZhK, Begaliyev YeN, et al. On the issue of using the results of a virtual autopsy in criminal investigation: a review. Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine. 2023;9(2):183–192. doi: 10.17816/fm774 EDN: OEERGD</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Jadhav EB, Sankhla MS, Kumar R. Artificial Intelligence: advancing automation in forensic science and criminal investigation. Seybold Report. 2020:15(8):2064–2075.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Schneider PM, Prainsack B, Kayser M. The use of forensic DNA Phenotyping in predicting appearance and biogeographic ancestry. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2019;116(51-52):873–880. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2019.0873</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
