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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Судебная медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2411-8729</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-4161</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16174</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/fm16174</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Systematic reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Систематические обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>系统回顾</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Forensic age estimation based on magnetic resonance imaging of the knee joint: a systematic review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Cудебно-медицинская оценка возраста по изображениям магнитно-резонансной томографии коленного сустава: систематический обзор литературы</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>法医学磁共振成像评估膝关节年龄：系统文献综述</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1224-1077</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1352-8848</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zolotenkov</surname><given-names>Dmitry D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Золотенков</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Дмитриевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Zolotenkov</surname><given-names>Dmitry D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>Zolotenkovaspir@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2975-4431</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4632-3235</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Serova</surname><given-names>Natalia S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Серова</surname><given-names>Наталья Сергеевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Serova</surname><given-names>Natalia S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, чл.-корр. РАН</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio><email>serova_n_s@staff.sechenov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1764-2213</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zolotenkova</surname><given-names>Galina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Золотенкова</surname><given-names>Галина Вячеславовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Zolotenkova</surname><given-names>Galina V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><email>zolotenkova_g_v@staff.sechenov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0542-100X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4910-8281</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Poletaeva</surname><given-names>Maria P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Полетаева</surname><given-names>Мария Петровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Poletaeva</surname><given-names>Maria P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>poletaeva_m_p@staff.sechenov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5370-4931</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1426-5903</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pigolkin</surname><given-names>Yuri I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пиголкин</surname><given-names>Юрий Иванович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Pigolkin</surname><given-names>Yuri I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Proffessor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, чл.-корр. РАН</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Proffessor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio><email>pigolkin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-12-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-12-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>539</fpage><lpage>554</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-07-31"><day>31</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-11-07"><day>07</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2024,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-12-29"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/16174">https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/16174</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background:</bold><italic> </italic>The issue of age assessment is not only relevant in modern society but also socially significant. According to official statistics, 2021 saw a record number of migrants and refugees — over 89 million and 27.1 million, respectively. A significant proportion of them are children and adolescents under the age of 18, many of whom lack proper legal documents confirming their date of birth. In such cases, forensic age determination is necessary. From the perspective of safety and effectiveness, magnetic resonance imaging is considered the method of choice for age assessment. This highlights the need to explore its potential as a method for documenting and assessing the developmental status of the studied anatomical structure.</p> <p><bold>Aim:</bold><italic> </italic>To analyze published data on the feasibility of using knee magnetic resonance imaging findings to determine the stage of epiphyseal ossification for forensic age estimation in children, adolescents, and young adults.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods:</bold><italic> </italic>A study protocol was developed and registered in PROSPERO (registration number CRD42022344779, 2022). Several search engines were used, including PubMed, Web of Science, and the Scopus database, to ensure a comprehensive review of current knowledge. Articles published in English from 1985 to 2021 were considered. Literature searches were conducted using the following keywords and term combinations: “age estimation”, “age determination”, “knee”, and “magnetic resonance imaging of the knee”.</p> <p><bold>Results:</bold><italic> </italic>A total of 13 publications were selected and thoroughly analyzed. Differences among the studies were identified regarding magnetic resonance imaging research protocols, classifications used for determining the stage of epiphyseal ossification by age, and the specialization and experience level of the researchers. Significant heterogeneity in population samples was noted, including variations in the number of study subjects, the age range, and the uneven distribution within age groups.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion:</bold><italic> </italic>The amount and heterogeneity of data in the studies included in this systematic review did not allow for a meta-analysis of the results or for predicting the risk of misclassification in the target age group. Therefore, at present, MRI-based knee age assessment cannot be considered an objective and legally substantiated forensic method.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Проблема оценки возраста в реалиях современного общества не только актуальна, но и социально значима. Согласно официальной статистике, в 2021 году зафиксировано рекордное число мигрантов и беженцев — более 89 и 27,1 млн соответственно. Среди них большую часть составляют дети и подростки в возрасте до 18 лет. Данная категория граждан не имеет должных юридических документов, подтверждающих дату их рождения. Именно поэтому в подобных случаях необходимо проводить экспертизу по установлению возраста. С точки зрения безопасности и эффективности магнитно-резонансную томографию считают методом выбора в отношении его оценки. В связи с этим возникает потребность в изучении возможности её применения в качестве метода регистрации и оценки статуса развития исследуемого анатомического участка.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> — анализ опубликованных данных о возможности использования результатов магнитно-резонансной томографии коленного сустава для определения стадии эпифизарной оссификации, позволяющей осуществить судебно-медицинскую оценку возраста детей, подростков и молодых людей.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Для выполнения работы составлен и зарегистрирован протокол исследования в PROSPERO (регистрационный номер в проспективном реестре систематических обзоров CRD42022344779, 2022). Использовали несколько поисковых систем, а именно PubMed и Web of Science, и базу данных Scopus с целью обеспечения всестороннего обзора текущих знаний. Мы рассматривали статьи на английском языке, опубликованные в период 1985–2021 гг. Поиск литературы осуществляли с применением следующих ключевых слов и сочетаний терминов: «age estimation», «age determination», «knee», «magnetic resonance imaging of the knee».</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Мы отобрали и детально проанализировали 13 публикаций. Установлены различия опубликованных работ в отношении протоколов исследования магнитно-резонансной томографии, классификаций, используемых для определения стадии эпифизарной оссификации в соответствии с возрастом, специализации исследователей и их стажа работы. Отмечена значимая неоднородность популяционных выборок: различное число субъектов исследования, вариативный возрастной диапазон и неравномерное распределение по отдельным возрастным группам внутри него.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Объём информации в опубликованных и отобранных для систематического обзора исследованиях, её разнородность не позволили провести метаанализ полученных авторами результатов, спрогнозировать риск неправильной классификации целевой возрастной группы. Именно поэтому использование результатов магнитно-резонансной томографии коленного сустава для оценки скелетного возраста на сегодняшний момент невозможно рассматривать в качестве объективной доказательной основы.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>背景。年龄评估在现代社会不仅是一个重要且紧迫的问题，还具有重要的社会意义。根据官方统计数据，2021年移民和难民人数创下新高，分别超过 8900 万人和 2710 万人。其中大部分是 18 岁以下的儿童和青少年。由于缺乏正式的法律文件，他们无法证明自己的出生日期。因此，在这种情况下，需要进行法医学鉴定以确定年龄。磁共振成像（Magnetic Resonance Imaging, MRI）因其安全性和高效性，被认为是评估年龄的首选方法。因此，有必要研究其作为记录和评估目标解剖部位生长发育情况的方法的可行性。</p> <p>研究目的。分析已发表的关于使用磁共振成像结果评估膝关节骨骺骨化阶段的可能性，以实现对儿童、青少年和年轻人法医学年龄评估的文献数据。</p> <p>材料与方法。本研究的方案已在 PROSPERO 系统综述前瞻性注册库中注册（注册号 CRD42022344779，2022 年）。为确保对现有知识的全面综述，使用了 PubMed、Web of Science 和 Scopus 等多个数据库。我们检索了 1985 年至 2021 年间发表的英文文章，采用的关键词包括 “age estimation”、“age determination”、“knee”、“magnetic resonance imaging of the knee”。</p> <p>结果。共筛选并详细分析了 13 篇文献。研究显示，不同文章在磁共振成像研究方案、骨骺骨化阶段的分类标准、研究者的专业领域及其经验方面存在显著差异。样本群体存在明显的异质性，包括研究对象数量的差异、年龄范围的多样性以及各年龄组内的分布不均。</p> <p>结论。被纳入系统综述的研究所提供的信息量及其异质性，无法进行作者结果的荟萃分析，也无法预测目标年龄组分类错误的风险。因此，目前使用膝关节磁共振成像结果来评估骨骼年龄尚不能作为客观的证据基础。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>forensic age estimation</kwd><kwd>skeletal age</kwd><kwd>knee joint</kwd><kwd>magnetic resonance imaging</kwd><kwd>systematic review</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>судебно-медицинская оценка возраста</kwd><kwd>скелетный возраст</kwd><kwd>коленный сустав</kwd><kwd>магнитно-резонансная томография</kwd><kwd>систематический обзор</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>法医学年龄评估</kwd><kwd>骨骼年龄</kwd><kwd>膝关节</kwd><kwd>磁共振成像</kwd><kwd>系统综述</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">References</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Data and statistics: global trends; [около 3 страниц]. 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