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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Судебная медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2411-8729</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-4161</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16172</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/fm16172</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original study articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>原创研究</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Determining the age of diaphyseal fractures of long bones based on radiography</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Определение давности диафизарных переломов длинных трубчатых костей на основании метода рентгенографии</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>基于X线摄影法确定长管状骨干骨折的时间</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7870-5746</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2397-7425</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Yulia B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ли</surname><given-names>Юлия Брониславовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Yulia B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> </p>
<p> </p></bio><email>reineerdeluft@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3838-636X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1137-2991</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vishniakova</surname><given-names>Marina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вишнякова</surname><given-names>Марина Валентиновна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Vishniakova</surname><given-names>Marina V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>cherridra@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1936-4448</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3134-8457</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Maksimov</surname><given-names>Aleksandr V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Максимов</surname><given-names>Александр Викторович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Maksimov</surname><given-names>Aleksandr V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p id="tw-target-text">MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><email>mcsim2002@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский областной научно-исследовательский клинический институт имени М.Ф. Владимирского</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Primorsky Regional Bureau of Forensic Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Приморское краевое бюро судебно-медицинской экспертизы</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Primorsky Regional Bureau of Forensic Medicine</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">A.V. Vishnevsky National Medical Research Center of Surgery</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр хирургии имени А.В. Вишневского</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">A.V. Vishnevsky National Medical Research Center of Surgery</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">State University of Education</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Государственный университет просвещения</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">State University of Education</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-12-18" publication-format="electronic"><day>18</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-12-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>498</fpage><lpage>508</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-07-25"><day>25</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-10-02"><day>02</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2024,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-12-29"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/16172">https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/16172</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background:</bold><italic> </italic>The study of skeletal trauma is one of the key aspects of forensic medical examination in cases involving living individuals. When the circumstances and timing of an injury are unclear due to deliberate concealment by involved parties, delayed medical consultation, or an unreported crime against personal health, determining the age of fractures presents certain challenges. In such cases, radiographic examination of the affected bone serves as an important source of information.</p> <p><bold>Aim:</bold><italic> </italic>To identify radiographic characteristics of diaphyseal fractures of long bones specific to different stages of consolidation.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods:</bold><italic> </italic>A retrospective study was conducted on 192 radiographs (initial and follow-up images taken during the observation period) of male and female patients (<italic>n</italic>=56) aged 20 to 80 years with long bone fractures, both with and without metal osteosynthesis. The study systematically analyzed the progression of radiographic fracture changes at different consolidation stages, described key morphological features, performed comparative group analysis, and structured the findings.</p> <p><bold>Results:</bold><italic> </italic>Distinct timeframes for fracture consolidation were identified, along with key diagnostic criteria for tracking healing dynamics. A sequential pattern of morphological changes in fractures throughout the healing process was established. No significant differences in consolidation dynamics were found based on gender. Surgical intervention (metal osteosynthesis) did not play a substantial role in the speed of consolidation.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion:</bold><italic> </italic>The radiographic appearance of diaphyseal fractures of long bones exhibits specific morphological features depending on the age of the injury.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Исследование скелетной травмы является одним из основных в работе судебно-медицинского эксперта при проведении экспертизы живых лиц. В условиях неочевидности совершённого преступления против здоровья личности, намеренного сокрытия фигурантами дела обстоятельств и даты травмы, отсроченного обращения за медицинской помощью определение давности переломов представляет определённые трудности. В таких случаях важным источником информации являются результаты рентгенографии повреждённой кости.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> ― выявление рентгенологических особенностей диафизарных переломов длинных трубчатых костей, характерных для определённой стадии консолидации.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>Проведено ретроспективное исследование 192 рентгенограмм (первичных и контрольных, в динамике наблюдения) мужчин и женщин (<italic>n</italic>=56) в возрасте от 20 до 80 лет с переломами длинных трубчатых костей в условиях металлоостеосинтеза и без такового. Последовательно изучена динамика изменения рентгенологической картины переломов на разных стадиях консолидации, описаны основные морфологические признаки, проведён их системный анализ, выполнено сравнение в группах и структурирование.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Определены чёткие временные периоды консолидации, установлены основные опорные признаки, позволяющие отследить динамику заживления; установлено последовательное изменение морфологии перелома в ходе заживления. Значимой разницы в динамике консолидации по гендерному признаку не обнаружено. Операция (металлоостеосинтез) не играла существенной роди в скорости консолидации.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Рентгенологическая картина диафизарного перелома длинной трубчатой кости имеет свои морфологические особенности в зависимости от давности повреждения.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>背景。骨骼损伤的研究是法医专家在活体鉴定工作中的核心内容之一。在犯罪案件中，肇事者可能隐瞒事件发生的具体情况和时间，或受害者延迟就医的情况下，确定骨折时间可能成为一项挑战。在这种情况下，受损骨骼的X线摄影结果是重要的信息来源。</p> <p>研究目的。通过X线影像分析，确定长管状骨骨干部骨折在特定愈合阶段的影像学特征。</p> <p>材料与方法。对192份X线片（包括初次和随访动态观察X线片）进行了回顾性研究。研究对象为20至80岁的男性和女性（n=56），其长管状骨发生骨折，部分进行了金属内固定术。研究依次分析了不同愈合阶段骨折的X线影像变化，描述了主要形态学特征，并对其进行系统分析、组间比较和结构化总结。</p> <p>结果。确定了骨折愈合的明确时间段，识别了跟踪愈合动态的主要影像学特征，描述了骨折愈合过程中的形态学变化。未发现性别对愈合速度的显著影响。手术（如金属内固定术）对愈合速度无显著作用。</p> <p>结论。长管状骨干骨折的X线影像表现具有特定的形态学特征，并随骨折发生时间的不同而变化。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>tubular bones</kwd><kwd>diaphyseal fractures</kwd><kwd>fracture age estimation</kwd><kwd>consolidation timeframes</kwd><kwd>radiographic examination</kwd><kwd>morphological characteristics of fractures</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>трубчатые кости</kwd><kwd>диафизарные переломы</kwd><kwd>давность переломов</kwd><kwd>сроки консолидации</kwd><kwd>рентгенологическое исследование</kwd><kwd>морфологические особенности переломов</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>管状骨</kwd><kwd>骨干骨折</kwd><kwd>骨折时间</kwd><kwd>愈合时间</kwd><kwd>X线检查</kwd><kwd>骨折形态学特征</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ilyasova E.B., Chekhonatskaya M.L., Priezzhev V.N. 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