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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Судебная медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2411-8729</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-4161</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16167</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/fm16167</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>科学评论</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Genetic problems of DNA portrait as part of DNA phenotyping: A review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Генетические проблемы ДНК-портретирования как части ДНК-фенотипирования: обзор</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>作为 DNA 表型分析一部分的 DNA 指纹分析所面临的遗传学挑战：综述</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8917-0449</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1248-2582</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chemeris</surname><given-names>Alexey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чемерис</surname><given-names>Алексей Викторович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Chemeris</surname><given-names>Alexey V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biological), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>教授、生物科學博士、法學院犯罪學系教授</p></bio><email>chemeris@anrb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1045-5677</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1895-7300</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khalikov</surname><given-names>Airat A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Халиков</surname><given-names>Айрат Анварович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Khalikov</surname><given-names>Airat A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><email>airat.expert@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9087-7364</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3434-2630</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Garafutdinov</surname><given-names>Ravil R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гарафутдинов</surname><given-names>Равиль Ринатович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Garafutdinov</surname><given-names>Ravil R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biological)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biological)</p></bio><email>garafutdinovr@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6407-5001</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5190-9790</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chemeris</surname><given-names>Dmitry A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чемерис</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Алексеевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Chemeris</surname><given-names>Dmitry A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biological)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>俄羅斯聯邦莫斯科「GENVED」有限責任公司總經理</p></bio><email>dch@dch.ru.net</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8797-4702</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7172-7141</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sakhabutdinova</surname><given-names>Assol R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сахабутдинова</surname><given-names>Ассоль Рафиковна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Sakhabutdinova</surname><given-names>Assol R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biological)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biological)</p></bio><email>sakhabutdinova@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4193-2832</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7448-6130</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khaliullina</surname><given-names>Aigul F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Халиуллина</surname><given-names>Айгуль Фаатовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Khaliullina</surname><given-names>Aigul F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Legal), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. юрид. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Legal), Assistant Professor</p></bio><email>aigul229@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1205-7608</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8322-7325</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Galyautdinov</surname><given-names>Rushan R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Галяутдинов</surname><given-names>Рушан Радикович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Galyautdinov</surname><given-names>Rushan R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Legal)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. юрид. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Legal)</p></bio><email>rushan-94@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5721-8831</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7970-8831</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sagidullin</surname><given-names>Rafael H.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сагидуллин</surname><given-names>Рафаэль Хамитович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Sagidullin</surname><given-names>Rafael H.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>sagidullin12@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4031-4103</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5527-5110</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Aminev</surname><given-names>Farit G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аминев</surname><given-names>Фарит Гизарович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Aminev</surname><given-names>Farit G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Legal), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р юрид. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Dr. Sci. (Legal), Professor</p></bio><email>faminev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ufa University of Science and Technology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Уфимский университет науки и технологий</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Ufa University of Science and Technology</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bashkir State Medical Universit</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Башкирский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Bashkir State Medical Universit</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">GENVED LLC</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГЕНВЕД</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">GENVED LLC</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Federal Research Centre</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт биохимии и генетики ― обособленное структурное подразделение Уфимского федерального исследовательского центра</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Federal Research Centre</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-09-12" publication-format="electronic"><day>12</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-10-22" publication-format="electronic"><day>22</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>398</fpage><lpage>410</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-07-17"><day>17</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-09-06"><day>06</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2024,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-10-22"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/16167">https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/16167</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Forensic DNA databases are beneficial for investigating crimes and allow identifying a person using biological traces, provided that information about him/her is already available in the form of a short tandem repeat profile. The same is true for unidentified corpses. When such information is missing from the database, DNA phenotyping can be used. A person’s appearance can be reconstructed based on his DNA, which is already a finding application in forensic practice. Considerable progress is achieved when the hair and eye color, skin pigmentation, and some other features are established. However, the main interest is in the human face. However, developments in this area are limited. The main issue is that multiple genes are responsible for facial features, including a pleiotropic effect. The emergence of such a method such as genome-wide association study made it possible to analyze many gene loci at once for the presence of single-nucleotide substitutions associated with certain genes involved in the formation of a person’s face. However, sequencing of two genomes (or exomes) of each person inherited from the father and mother with phased haplotype assembly of their sequences can be more informative. With this approach, the accurate selection of objects in the form of a large number of twins and their closest relatives is critical, because twins may carry the same nucleotide substitutions, which largely determine their external similarity. Another cohort should be families in which children are very similar to their parents. In this case, it is crucial to conduct triosequencing with phased assembly of their diploid genomes (exomes). Genetic information obtained in this way, which is processed using machine learning and artificial intelligence, allow us to “reach” the necessary genes, increasing the reliability of such DNA portraits.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Огромным подспорьем в расследовании преступлений служат криминалистические базы ДНК-данных, позволяющие по биологическим следам идентифицировать оставившего их человека при условии, что информация о нём в виде STR-профиля уже имеется. То же самое справедливо в отношении неопознанных трупов. Когда подобная информация в базе данных отсутствует, на помощь может прийти ДНК-фенотипирование, позволяющее восстановить облик человека по его ДНК, что уже находит применение в криминалистической практике. Наибольший прогресс достигнут в установлении цвета волос, глаз, пигментации кожи и некоторых других признаков. Но основной интерес представляет лицо человека, и с этим дело обстоит пока не лучшим образом, хотя определённые успехи имеются. Главная проблема заключается в том, что за черты лица отвечают множественные гены, проявляя в том числе плейотропный эффект. Появление такого метода, как общегеномное ассоциативное исследование (GWAS), позволило анализировать сразу множество генных локусов на предмет наличия в них однонуклеотидных замен, ассоциированных с некими генами, участвующими в формировании лица человека. Однако гораздо более информативным может стать секвенирование двух доставшихся от отца и матери геномов (или экзомов) каждого человека с фазированной гаплотипированной сборкой их последовательностей. И при таком подходе необходим правильный выбор объектов в виде большего числа двойников и их ближайших родных, поскольку, не будучи родственниками, двойники потенциально могут нести одинаковые замены нуклеотидов, во многом определяющие их внешнее сходство. Другой когортой должны стать семьи, в которых дети сильно похожи на своих родителей, и в этом случае необходимо вести триосеквенирование с фазированной сборкой их диплоидных геномов (экзомов). Полученная таким образом генетическая информация, обработанная с помощью машинного обучения и искусственного интеллекта, позволит «выйти» на нужные гены, повысив достоверность таких ДНК-портретов.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>法医 DNA 数据库对犯罪侦查有很大的帮助，它们可以在已经有个人的 STR 图谱信息的条件下识别留下生物痕迹的人。对于身份不明的尸体也是如此。当数据库中没有这些信息时，DNA 表型分析可以提供帮助，这种方法可以根据 DNA 重建一个人的外貌，目前已在法医实践中使用。在确定头发颜色、眼睛颜色、皮肤色素沉着和其他一些特征方面取得的进展最大。但是，人们最关心的是一个人的面容，尽管已经取得了一些成功，但这还不是最好的情况。主要的问题是，面部特征是由多种基因造成的，同时存在基因多效性。全基因组关联研究（GWAS）这种方法的出现，使得同时分析许多基因位点，寻找与某些参与人脸形成的基因相关的单核苷酸置换成为可能。然而，对每个人的两个父系和母系遗传基因组（或外显子组）进行测序，并对其序列进行分阶段单倍型组装，可以获得更多信息。对于这种方法而言，正确选择对象的形式是必要的，即更多的同貌人及其近亲，因为不是亲属的同貌人有可能携带相同的核苷酸替换，这在许多方面决定了他们的外部相似性。另一个群体应该是子女与其父母非常相似的家庭，在这种情况下，有必要进行三测序，并对其二倍体基因组（外显子组）进行分阶段组装。如果对通过这种方式获得的遗传信息在机器学习和人工智能的帮助下进行处理，将有可能“找到”正确的基因，从而提高这种 DNA 画肖像的可靠性。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>forensic DNA phenotyping</kwd><kwd>facial morphology</kwd><kwd>genome</kwd><kwd>exome</kwd><kwd>sequencing</kwd><kwd>forensic databases</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>судебно-медицинское ДНК-фенотипирование</kwd><kwd>лицевая морфология</kwd><kwd>геном</kwd><kwd>экзом</kwd><kwd>секвенирование</kwd><kwd>криминалистические базы данных</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>法医 DNA 表型分析</kwd><kwd>面部形态</kwd><kwd>基因组</kwd><kwd>外显子组</kwd><kwd>测序</kwd><kwd>法医数据库</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant No. 24-28-00834 (https://rscf.ru/project/24-28-00834)</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена за счёт гранта Российского научного фонда № 24-28-00834 (https://rscf.ru/project/24-28-00834)</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="zh">The work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant No. 24-28-00834 (https://rscf.ru/project/24-28-00834)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chemeris AV, Aminev FG, Garafutdinov RR, et al. 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