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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Судебная медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2411-8729</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-4161</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16150</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/fm16150</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>科学评论</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Forensic medical examination of feces in traces on material evidence: A review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Судебно-медицинское исследование кала в следах на вещественных доказательствах: обзор</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>物证痕迹中粪便的法医检查：综述</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4786-1065</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5968-6328</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kidralieva</surname><given-names>Anna P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кидралиева</surname><given-names>Анна Павловна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kidralieva</surname><given-names>Anna P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p>
<p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>chetvertnova2011@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3243-0710</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8943-1221</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kidraliev</surname><given-names>Ruslan R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кидралиев</surname><given-names>Руслан Рустемович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kidraliev</surname><given-names>Ruslan R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>rustemovitch@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Irkutsk Regional Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Иркутское областное бюро судебно-медицинской экспертизы</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Irkutsk Regional Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-08-02" publication-format="electronic"><day>02</day><month>08</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-10-22" publication-format="electronic"><day>22</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>411</fpage><lpage>419</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-05-23"><day>23</day><month>05</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-06-18"><day>18</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2024,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-10-22"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/16150">https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/16150</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This article provides a review of studies on forensic medical examination of feces in traces on material evidence. This issue has long attracted the attention of researchers owing to the need to identify feces in traces on material evidence during the investigation of criminal acts, including sexual assault cases. Review of literature sources has shown that the existing methods of fecal detection include the study of the morphological, enzyme, pigment, and bacteriological compositions of feces. As the methods of laboratory diagnostics improved, the methods of fecal identification also improved from microscopic to high-tech molecular genetic methods. However, despite the advantages, each of the existing methods have their limitations.</p> <p>Thus, an integrated approach for fecal identification should be developed to identify its micro-traces, study putrefactive objects, differentiate feces from other biological fluids of the human body and animal feces, and perform a comparative study of feces in traces and fecal samples of persons involved to establish their common origin.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В статье приведён обзор работ, посвящённых судебно-медицинскому исследованию кала в следах на вещественных доказательствах. Данный вопрос привлёк внимание исследователей уже более ста лет назад в связи с необходимостью выявления кала в следах на вещественных доказательствах при расследовании уголовных преступлений, в том числе по фактам сексуального насилия. Анализ литературных источников показал, что существующие методы обнаружения кала основаны на исследовании его морфологического, ферментного, пигментного и бактериологического состава. По мере совершенствования методов лабораторной диагностики совершенствовались и методы идентификации кала ― от микроскопического до высокотехнологичного молекулярно-генетического. Однако, несмотря на имеющиеся преимущества, каждый из существующих методов имеет свои ограничения.</p> <p>Таким образом, на наш взгляд, необходима разработка комплексного подхода к идентификации кала в следах с целью возможности выявления его микроследов, исследования гнилостно изменённых объектов, дифференцирования кала от других биологических жидкостей организма человека и кала животных, а также сравнительного исследования кала в следах и образцов кала проходящих по делу лиц с целью установления их общего происхождения.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>文章对关于物证痕迹中粪便法医检查的文献进行了科学综述。一百多年前，由于在调查刑事犯罪（包括性暴力）时需要检测物证痕迹中的粪便，这个问题引起了研究人员的注意。对文献资料的分析表明了，现有的粪便检测方法都是基于对粪便形态、酶、色素和细菌成分的检查。随着实验室诊断方法的改进，粪便检测方法也在不断改进，从显微镜检查到高科技分子基因检查。然而，尽管有这些优点，现有的每种方法都有其局限性。</p> <p>因此，我们认为，有必要制定一种全面的方法来检测痕迹中的粪便，以便能够识别其微量痕迹、检查腐败物体、区分粪便与人体其他生物液体和动物粪便，以及对粪便痕迹和受审人的粪便样本进行比较研究，以确定它们的共同来源。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>feces</kwd><kwd>identification</kwd><kwd>bacteroides as indicator of fecal matter</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>кал</kwd><kwd>идентификация</kwd><kwd>бактероиды как индикатор наличия кала</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>粪便</kwd><kwd>检测</kwd><kwd>类杆菌作为粪便存在的指标</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Menizibeya Osain Welcome. 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