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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Судебная медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2411-8729</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-4161</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16145</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/fm16145</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>科学评论</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Characteristics of head injuries based on the specific nature of military conflicts</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Характер повреждений головы в зависимости от специфики военного конфликта</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>头部损伤特征与军事冲突性质的关系</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9303-7640</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3620-8930</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kislov</surname><given-names>Maksim А.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кислов</surname><given-names>Максим Александрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kislov</surname><given-names>Maksim А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><email>kislov@sechenov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4236-4219</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2112-4568</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Barinov</surname><given-names>Evgeny Kh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Баринов</surname><given-names>Евгений Христофорович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Barinov</surname><given-names>Evgeny Kh.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><email>ev.barinov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2142-151X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Akulinichev</surname><given-names>Egor А.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Акулиничев</surname><given-names>Егор Алексеевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Akulinichev</surname><given-names>Egor А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>egor40rus@icloud.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2419-5952</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9263-0002</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zotkin</surname><given-names>Dmitriy A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зоткин</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Александрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Zotkin</surname><given-names>Dmitriy A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>zotkin.dmitriy.83@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The Russian National Research Medical University named after N.I. Pirogov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">The Russian National Research Medical University named after N.I. Pirogov</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian University of Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет медицины</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Russian University of Medicine</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The First Sechenov Moscow State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">The First Sechenov Moscow State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-12-16" publication-format="electronic"><day>16</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-12-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>566</fpage><lpage>577</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-05-15"><day>15</day><month>05</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-10-01"><day>01</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2024,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-12-29"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/16145">https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/16145</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Head injuries are among the most serious and severe types of trauma in both peacetime and wartime conditions. This article examines head injuries sustained during various large-scale military conflicts and identifies correlations between the localization and nature of injuries, the tactics of combat operations, the weapons used, and the terrain features. This analysis is particularly relevant in light of the ongoing special military operation and may be utilized in the development of individual protective gear and strategies for treating head injuries in field hospitals.</p> <p>The article incorporates scientific and specialized literature sourced from eLibrary, ResearchGate, CyberLeninka, and PubMed. A statistical and systemic-structural analysis of the literature was performed using methods such as description, comparison, generalization, and hypothesis formulation. The authors analyzed the Syrian Civil War, as well as the military operations “Iraqi Freedom” and “Enduring Freedom.” Average injury characteristics were derived and classified into groups based on the type of affected structures for better visualization. We revealed that the nature of head injuries varies significantly depending on the specifics of the military conflict. However, the most commonly affected areas in any conflict remain the lower and upper jaw, the orbit, and the nasal region.</p> <p>This article makes a significant contribution to medical research and may be of value to military physicians as well as researchers and engineers involved in the design and improvement of individual protective gear.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Повреждения головы являются одной из наиболее серьёзных и тяжёлых травм в условиях как мирного, так и военного времени. В данной статье исследуются повреждения головы, полученные в различных крупномасштабных военных конфликтах, а также выявляется корреляция между локализацией, характером травмы и тактикой боевых действий, применяемым вооружением и ландшафтом местности. Подобный анализ является важным и актуальным в силу проведения в данный момент времени специальной военной операции и может быть использован при разработке средств индивидуальной бронезащиты, а также стратегий лечения травм головы в условиях военно-полевых госпиталей.</p> <p>В статье использована научная и специальная литература, поиск которой был выполнен в системах eLibrary, ReseachGate, CyberLeninka, PubMed. В ходе работы был применён статистический, системно-структурный анализ данных литературы с использованием методов описания, сравнения, обобщения и гипотезы. Авторами были рассмотрены и проанализированы гражданская война в Сирийской Арабской Республике, а также военные операции «Иракская свобода» и «Несокрушимая свобода». Были выведены средние значения причинённых повреждений, которые для большей наглядности классифицированы по группам в соответствии с типом повреждённых структур. Выявлено, что характер повреждений головы значительно различается в зависимости от специфики военного конфликта, однако наиболее поражаемыми областями головы в любом из них остаются нижняя и верхняя челюсть, глазница и область носа.</p> <p>Статья вносит важный вклад в сферу медицинских исследований и может быть полезной для военных врачей, а также работников научно-исследовательских институтов, инженерно-конструкторских бюро, специализирующихся на разработке и усовершенствовании средств индивидуальной бронезащиты.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>头部损伤是和平时期和战争时期最严重、最复杂的创伤之一。本文研究了在多个大规模军事冲突中发生的头部损伤，并探讨了伤害部位、创伤特征与作战战术、所使用武器及地形之间的关联性。鉴于当前特殊军事行动的背景，这一分析具有重要意义，可用于个人防护装备的研发，以及战地医院中头部创伤治疗策略的制定。</p> <p>本文引用了科学与专业文献，相关文献通过eLibrary、ResearchGate、CyberLeninka和PubMed数据库检索获得。在研究过程中，作者采用统计学分析、系统结构分析、描述性分析、比较、总结以及假设建构等方法。文章对叙利亚阿拉伯共和国内战（Syrian Civil War）、“伊拉克自由”（Operation Iraqi Freedom）和“持久自由”（Operation Enduring Freedom）军事行动进行了分析，并提取了损伤的平均值，将其按照受损结构类型分类展示以增强可视化效果。研究发现，头部损伤的特征因军事冲突性质不同而显著变化。然而，无论冲突类型如何，下颌,上颌，眼眶和鼻部始终是头部最易受伤的区域。</p> <p>本文为医学研究领域提供了重要见解，对军医以及从事个人防护装备研发和改进的科研机构和工程技术单位的专业人员具有参考价值。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>injuries</kwd><kwd>wounds</kwd><kwd>explosion</kwd><kwd>gunshot wound</kwd><kwd>blast injuries</kwd><kwd>damaging factors</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ранения</kwd><kwd>повреждения</kwd><kwd>взрыв</kwd><kwd>огнестрельное ранение</kwd><kwd>взрывные повреждения</kwd><kwd>повреждающие факторы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>创伤</kwd><kwd>损伤</kwd><kwd>爆炸</kwd><kwd>枪伤</kwd><kwd>爆炸性损伤</kwd><kwd>致伤因素</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trotsenko KА. 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