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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Судебная медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2411-8729</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-4161</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16139</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/fm16139</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original study articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>原创研究</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Evaluating the dynamics of cardiovascular and respiratory system parameters and histological changes in the lungs after baclofen administration and its combination with ethanol</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Оценка динамики некоторых показателей сердечно-сосудистой и дыхательной систем и гистологических изменений в лёгких при введении баклофена и его комбинации с этанолом</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>巴氯芬及其与乙醇联合使用对心血管和呼吸系统某些指标 动态及肺组织学变化的影响</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6356-9251</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6727-9170</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Romanova</surname><given-names>Olga L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Романова</surname><given-names>Ольга Леонидовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Romanova</surname><given-names>Olga L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Вiology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Вiology)</p></bio><email>olgpharm@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7838-0486</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1050-0527</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Blagonravov</surname><given-names>Mikhail L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Благонравов</surname><given-names>Михаил Львович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Blagonravov</surname><given-names>Mikhail L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><email>blagonravov_ml@pfur.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3950-8296</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8602-3159</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Torshin</surname><given-names>Vladimir I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Торшин</surname><given-names>Владимир Иванович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Torshin</surname><given-names>Vladimir I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><email>vtorshin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1709-2418</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5925-7780</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dzhuvalyakov</surname><given-names>Pavel G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Джуваляков</surname><given-names>Павел Георгиевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Dzhuvalyakov</surname><given-names>Pavel G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><email>fred197490@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4236-4219</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2112-4568</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Barinov</surname><given-names>Evgeniy Kh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Баринов</surname><given-names>Евгений Христофорович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Barinov</surname><given-names>Evgeniy Kh.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><email>ev.barinov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5758-8552</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2059-3248</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ershov</surname><given-names>Anton V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ершов</surname><given-names>Антон Валерьевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Ershov</surname><given-names>Anton V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><email>salavatprof@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Peoples' Friendship University of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Peoples' Friendship University of Russia</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal state budgetary scientific institution "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery"</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт морфологии человека имени академика А.П. Авцына Российского научного центра хирургии имени академика Б.В. Петровского</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal state budgetary scientific institution "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery"</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian University of Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет медицины</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Russian University of Medicine</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The First Sechenov Moscow State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">The First Sechenov Moscow State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">V.A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт общей реаниматологии имени В.А. Неговского Федерального научно-клинического центра реаниматологии и реабилитологии</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">V.A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-12-13" publication-format="electronic"><day>13</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-12-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>474</fpage><lpage>485</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-05-10"><day>10</day><month>05</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-09-24"><day>24</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2024,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-12-29"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/16139">https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/16139</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background:</bold><italic> </italic>Baclofen is a selective agonist of γ-aminobutyric acid B receptors. The drug exhibits pronounced psychotropic effects and frequently causes dependence. However, its impact on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems remains underexplored.</p> <p><bold>Aim:</bold><italic> </italic>To evaluate the dynamics of specific functional parameters of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, as well as histological changes in the lungs, in cases of baclofen poisoning and its combination with ethanol.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods: </bold>Baclofen and its combination with ethanol were administered to rats under general anesthesia (chloral hydrate 300 mg/kg, intramuscularly). Animals in the control group (<italic>n</italic>=5) Submitted no baclofen or ethanol. Animals in Groups 1, 3, and 5 were administered baclofen at a dose of 85 mg/kg, with physiological parameters recorded at 3, 4.5, and 24 hours. Animals in Groups 2, 4, and 6 were administered baclofen at the same dose combined with 40% ethanol (7 ml/kg). Physiological parameters (oxygenation level, red blood cell count per liter of blood, and hemoglobin concentration in g/L) were recorded at the same time points. The animals were then euthanized by cervical dislocation under general anesthesia (chloral hydrate), and biological material was collected for subsequent studies. Morphometric analysis was performed using G.G. Avtandilov’s grid.</p> <p><bold>Results:</bold><italic> </italic>Baclofen and its combination with ethanol led to a statistically significant decrease in oxygenation levels. Red blood cell count and hemoglobin concentration (g/L) remained unchanged. A dynamic complex of pathological changes developed in the lungs of experimental animals, including microcirculation disturbances, thickening of interalveolar septa due to edema, and leukocyte infiltration. Three hours after combined administration of baclofen and ethanol, a statistically significant increase in vessel area was observed. At 4.5 hours, the areas occupied by leukocytes, the ratio of leukocyte area to interalveolar septa area, and the area affected by edema increased significantly. After 24 hours, the leukocyte area, the ratio of leukocyte area to interalveolar septa area, and the edema area further increased.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion: </bold>Combined with chemical-toxicological findings, the data obtained from this study allow for the identification of baclofen poisoning, estimation of the time elapsed since poisoning, and assessment of exposure conditions. Understanding the processes occurring in the lungs following baclofen and ethanol administration may enhance the effectiveness of medical assistance for affected individuals.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Баклофен ― селективный агонист рецепторов γ-аминомасляной кислоты В-вида. Препарат обладает выраженным психотропным эффектом и часто вызывает зависимость. Влияние баклофена на сердечно-сосудистую и дыхательную системы изучено недостаточно.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> ― оценка динамики некоторых функциональных показателей сердечно-сосудистой и дыхательной систем и гистологических изменений в лёгких при отравлении баклофеном и его комбинацией с этанолом.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Балофен и его комбинацию с этанолом вводили крысам под общим наркозом (хлоралгидрат 300 мг/кг, внутримышечно). Животным группы кoнтрoля (<italic>n</italic>=5) баклофен и этанол не вводили. Животным групп 1, 3, 5 вводили баклофен в дозе 85 мг/кг, физиологические показатели фиксировали через 3, 4,5 и 24 часа. Животным групп 2, 4, 6 вводили баклофен в той же дозировке в комбинации с 40% (об.) этанолом из расчёта 7 мл/кг. Физиологические показатели (уровень оксигенации, количество эритроцитов в пересчёте на литр крови и содержание гемоглобина в г/л) фиксировали в те же сроки. Далее животных выводили из эксперимента путём смещения шейных позвонков под общим наркозом (хлоралгидрат) и забирали биологический материал для последующих исследований. Морфометрический анализ проводили с использованием сетки Г.Г. Автандилова.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> В результате введения баклофена и его комбинации с этанолом оксигенация статистически значимо снижалась. Количество эритроцитов в литре крови и содержание гемоглобина (г/л) оставались неизменными. В лёгких экспериментальных животных развивался имеющий определённую динамику комплекс патологических изменений (нарушение микроциркуляции, утолщение межальвеолярных перегородок за счёт отёка и инфильтрации лейкоцитами). Через 3 часа после совместного введения баклофена и этанола отмечали статистически значимый рост площади, занятой сосудами. Через 4,5 часа после совместного введения баклофена и этанола отмечали статистически значимый рост площади, занятой лейкоцитами, соотношения площади, занятой лейкоцитами, к площади межальвеолярных перегородок, площади, занятой отёком. Через сутки после введения баклофена и его комбинации с этанолом возрастали площадь, занятая лейкоцитами, соотношение площади, занятой лейкоцитами, к площади межальвеолярных перегородок, площади, занятой отёком. Через 4,5 часа после совместного введения баклофена и этанола статистически значимо возрастала площадь, занятая лейкоцитами.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Данные, полученные в результате проведённых нами исследований, в совокупности с результатами химико-токсикологического исследования позволяют высказаться о факте отравления баклофеном, сроке, прошедшем с момента отравления, и условиях действия препарата. Понимание процессов, происходящих в лёгких после введения баклофена и его комбинации с этанолом, поможет эффективнее оказывать помощь данной категории пострадавших.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>背景。巴氯芬是一种选择性γ-氨基丁酸（GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid）B型受体激动剂，具有显著的精神作用，并可能导致依赖性。巴氯芬对心血管和呼吸系统影响的研究目前仍然不足。</p> <p>研究目的。评估巴氯芬及其与乙醇联合使用后，对心血管和呼吸系统某些功能指标的动态变化及肺组织学的改变情况。</p> <p>材料与方法。在全身麻醉状态下（氯醛300 mg/kg，肌肉注射），将巴氯芬及其与乙醇的联合制剂给予大鼠。对照组（<italic>n</italic>=5）未接受巴氯芬和乙醇注射。第1、3、5组给予巴氯芬 （85 mg/kg），并在3小时、4.5小时和24小时记录生理指标。第2、4、6组接受相同剂量 巴氯芬联合40%乙醇（7 mL/kg），记录相同时间点的生理指标（血氧水平、红细胞数量、血红蛋白含量[g/L]）。实验结束后，在全身麻醉下通过颈椎脱位处死实验动物，并采集生物材料进行后续分析。形态计量分析采用Avtandilov 网格法。</p> <p>结果。巴氯芬及其与乙醇联合使用导致血氧水平统计学显著下降，但红细胞数量和血红蛋白含量（g/L）未见显著变化。肺部逐步出现微循环障碍、水肿及白细胞浸润引起的肺泡间隔增厚等病理变化。联合使用巴氯芬和乙醇后3小时，血管面积统计学显著增大；4.5小时后，白细胞面积、白细胞面积与肺泡间隔面积的比值以及水肿面积统计学显著增加；24小时后，这些指标进一步升高。</p> <p>结论。研究结果结合化学毒理学分析，可为巴氯芬中毒的诊断、时间判断及药物作用条件提供科学依据。对巴氯芬及其与乙醇联合使用后肺部变化的深入了解，将有助于提高此类中毒患者的治疗效果。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>baclofen</kwd><kwd>lungs</kwd><kwd>functional parameters</kwd><kwd>histomorphological changes</kwd><kwd>morphometry</kwd><kwd>poisoning</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>баклофен</kwd><kwd>лёгкие</kwd><kwd>функциональные показатели</kwd><kwd>гистоморфологические изменения</kwd><kwd>морфометрия</kwd><kwd>отравление</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>巴氯芬</kwd><kwd>肺部</kwd><kwd>功能指标</kwd><kwd>组织形态学变化</kwd><kwd>形态计量</kwd><kwd>中毒</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simonova AY, Ilyashenko KK, Klychnikova EV, et al. 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