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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Судебная медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2411-8729</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-4161</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16119</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/fm16119</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original study articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>原创研究</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Forensic characterization of signs of exposure to damaging factors of an explosion</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Судебно-медицинская характеристика признаков воздействия повреждающих факторов взрыва</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>暴露于爆炸破坏因素迹象的法医学特征描述</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9303-7640</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3620-8930</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kislov</surname><given-names>Maksim A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кислов</surname><given-names>Максим Александрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kislov</surname><given-names>Maksim A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><email>kislov@sechenov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4228-8973</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Leonov</surname><given-names>Sergey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Леонов</surname><given-names>Сергей Валерьевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Leonov</surname><given-names>Sergey V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><email>sleonoff@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4236-4219</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2112-4568</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Barinov</surname><given-names>Evgeny Kh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Баринов</surname><given-names>Евгений Христофорович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Barinov</surname><given-names>Evgeny Kh.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><email>ev.barinov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2142-151X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Akulinichev</surname><given-names>Egor A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Акулиничев</surname><given-names>Егор Алексеевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Akulinichev</surname><given-names>Egor A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>egor40rus@icloud.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2419-5952</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9263-0002</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zotkin</surname><given-names>Dmitry A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зоткин</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Александрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Zotkin</surname><given-names>Dmitry A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>N.V.Sklifosovsky临床医学研究所人体解剖学和组织学系高级讲师，I.M.谢切诺夫第一莫斯科国立医科大学（谢切诺夫大学）</p></bio><email>zotkin.dmitriy.83@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The Russian National Research Medical University named after N.I. Pirogov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">The Russian National Research Medical University named after N.I. Pirogov</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный исследовательский центр питания, биотехнологии и безопасности пищи</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Federal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Chief State Center for Forensic Medicine and Forensic Expertise 111</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Главный государственный центр судебно-медицинских и криминалистических экспертиз</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Chief State Center for Forensic Medicine and Forensic Expertise 111</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian University of Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет медицины</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Russian University of Medicine</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The First Sechenov Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">The First Sechenov Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-09-06" publication-format="electronic"><day>06</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-10-22" publication-format="electronic"><day>22</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>322</fpage><lpage>333</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-02-27"><day>27</day><month>02</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-05-24"><day>24</day><month>05</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2024,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-10-22"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/16119">https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/16119</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND</bold><italic>:</italic><italic> </italic>The use of explosives of different configurations in a confined space affects the surrounding objects, including the civilian population. The effects of explosion in the considered conditions of explosive trauma correspond to those typical for explosive damage, which were considered in the forensic characterization of damaging factors of explosions in the explosive event under study. The injuries sustained from the impact of the damaging factors of explosions are characterized by different manifestations and corresponding sequence. This can be noted in the degree of impact of the damaging factors of explosions on the damaged object and thus contribute to the determination of the center of the explosion.</p> <p><bold>AIM</bold><italic>:</italic><italic> </italic>To determine the extent of the impact of damaging factors of explosions on the damaged object by morphological signs of explosive damage in the investigated circumstances of the explosion.</p> <p><bold>MATERIALS AND METHODS</bold><italic>:</italic><italic> </italic>Archival materials of forensic medical examinations of fatal cases of explosive trauma of mass character in conditions of confined space were studied.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS</bold><italic>:</italic><italic> </italic>The complex effect of damaging factors of explosions on the damaged objects has been found to cause almost instantaneous explosive damage on clothing and surface and internal injuries in the victims of the studied event. The morphological manifestations of such injuries are of a complex, multiple, combined nature. All injuries were classified considering their distribution into groups characterizing the degree of violation of morphological structures of the organism. Thus, in the general structure of all injuries according to the degree of occurrence of their signs, the following were noted: wounds and soft tissue defects (822; 23.6%), fractures (820; 23.5%), hemorrhages (820; 23.5%), bleeding (820; 23.5%), hemorrhages (805; 23.1%), skin abrasions (279; 7.9%), dislocations (215; 6.2%), organ ruptures (76; 2.2%), mechanical clothing injuries (382; 10.9%), and thermal clothing injuries (91; 2.6%).</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION</bold><italic>:</italic><italic> </italic>The presented data show the morphological diversity and severity of explosive damage in the studied event, which to some extent can be considered when reconstructing the circumstances of the explosion.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование</bold>. Применение взрывных устройств различной конфигурации в замкнутом пространстве по-разному воздействует на окружающие объекты, в том числе на мирное население. Воздействию повреждающих факторов взрыва в рассматриваемых условиях взрывной травмы соответствуют характерные для этого взрывные повреждения, что учитывалось при судебно-медицинской характеристике повреждающих факторов взрыва. Сформированные повреждения при воздействии повреждающих факторов взрыва характеризуются различными проявлениями и соответствующей последовательностью, которая может выражаться степенью воздействия повреждающих факторов взрыва на повреждаемый объект и тем самым способствовать определению центра взрыва.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> ― установление степени воздействия повреждающих факторов взрыва на повреждаемый объект по морфологическим признакам взрывных повреждений в исследуемых обстоятельствах взрыва, которые будут необходимы для реконструкции обстоятельств взрыва.</p> <p>Материалы и методы. Исследование проводилось на основе документов архивного материала судебно-медицинских экспертиз летальных случаев взрывной травмы массового характера в условиях замкнутого пространства.</p> <p><bold>Результаты</bold>. Установлено, что комплексное воздействие повреждающих факторов взрыва на повреждаемые объекты обусловливает практически мгновенное формирование взрывных повреждений как одежды, так поверхностных и внутренних структур организма у пострадавших в исследуемом событии. Морфологические проявления таких повреждений имеют сложный, множественный, комбинированный, сочетанный характер. Все повреждения классифицированы с учётом их распределения на группы, характеризующие степень нарушения морфологических структур организма. Так, в общей структуре всех повреждений по степени встречаемости их признаков у пострадавших в исследуемом событии отмечены раны и дефекты мягких тканей (822; 23,6%), переломы костей (820; 23,5%), кровоизлияния (805; 23,1%), ссадины кожи (279; 7,9%), размозжения (215; 6,2%), разрывы органов (76; 2,2%), механические повреждения одежды (382; 10,9%), термические повреждения одежды (91; 2,6%).</p> <p><bold>Заключение</bold>. Представленные данные характеризуют морфологическое многообразие и тяжесть взрывных повреждений в исследуемом событии, что в определённой мере может быть принято во внимание при реконструкции обстоятельств взрыва.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p><bold>论证</bold>。在密闭空间内使用各种结构的爆炸装置会对周围物体，包括平民产生不同的影响。在所考虑的爆炸创伤条件下，爆炸破坏因素的影响与爆炸伤害特征相对应，这在爆炸破坏因素的法医特征描述中得到了考虑。在爆炸破坏因素影响下形成的伤害具有各种表现形式和相应的顺序，可以用爆炸破坏因素对受损物体的影响程度来表示，从而有助于确定爆炸中心。</p> <p><bold>该研究的目的</bold>是在调查的爆炸环境中，通过形态学上的爆炸破坏迹象来确定爆炸破坏因素对受损物体的影响程度，这对重建爆炸环境是必要的。</p> <p>材料与方法。这项研究是根据在密闭空间条件下对大规模爆炸伤致死案件进行的法医鉴定档案材料文件进行的。</p> <p><bold>结果</bold>。研究发现了，爆炸破坏因素对受损物体的复杂影响几乎会在瞬间对所研究事件的受害者的衣物、身体表层和内部结构造成爆炸伤害。此类伤害的形态表现具有复杂、多重、组合、综合的特点。所有伤害都根据身体形态结构受损程度的分布情况进行了分类。因此，在所有伤害的总体结构中，根据受害者在所研究事件中出现的症状程度，有伤口和软组织缺损（822；23.6%）、骨折（820；23.5%）、出血（805；23.1%）、皮肤擦伤（279；7.9%）、挤压伤（215；6.2%）、内脏破裂（76；2.2%）、衣物机械伤害（382；10.9%）和衣物热伤（91；2.6%）。</p> <p><bold>结论</bold>。所提供的数据说明了所研究事件中爆炸伤的形态多样性和严重程度，在一定程度上可以在重建爆炸环境时加以考虑。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>forensic medical examination</kwd><kwd>explosive trauma</kwd><kwd>characterization of explosive injuries</kwd><kwd>damaging factors of explosion</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>судебно-медицинская экспертиза</kwd><kwd>взрывная травма</kwd><kwd>характеристика взрывных повреждений</kwd><kwd>повреждающие факторы взрыва</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>法医鉴定</kwd><kwd>爆炸伤</kwd><kwd>爆炸伤特征</kwd><kwd>爆炸破坏因素</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Isakov VD, Babakhanyan RV, Matyshev LL, et al. 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