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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Судебная медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2411-8729</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-4161</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16110</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/fm16110</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original study articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>原创研究</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The potential of synthetic minority oversampling technique to enhance the precision of gender prediction: an investigation of artificial neural networks with cephalometry</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Потенциал метода синтетической передискретизации меньшинства для повышения точности определения пола: исследование искусственных нейронных сетей с помощью цефалометрии</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>合成少数超采样技术提高性别鉴定准确性的潜力： 利用头颅测量学对人工神经网络的研究</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5076-0118</contrib-id><name><surname>Handayani</surname><given-names>Vitria Wuri</given-names></name><address><country country="ID">Indonesia</country></address><bio><p>MD, Medical Faculty; Nursing Department</p></bio><email>vitriawuri@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4754-768X</contrib-id><name><surname>Yudianto</surname><given-names>Ahmad</given-names></name><address><country country="ID">Indonesia</country></address><bio><p>MD, PhD, Professor, Department of Forensics and Medicolegal, Faculty of Medicine; Magister of Forensic Sciences, Postgraduate School</p></bio><email>ahmad-yudianto@fk.unair.ac.id</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8821-0157</contrib-id><name><surname>Sylvia</surname><given-names>MAR Mieke</given-names></name><address><country country="ID">Indonesia</country></address><bio><p>MD, PhD, Professor, Forensic Odontology Department, Dental Medical Faculty</p></bio><email>mieke-s-m-a-r@fkg.unair.ac.id</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7058-1566</contrib-id><name><surname>Riries</surname><given-names>Rulaningtyas</given-names></name><address><country country="ID">Indonesia</country></address><bio><p>MD, Physics Department, Sains and Technology Faculty; Biomedical Department, Sains and Technology Faculty</p></bio><email>riries-r@fst.unair.ac.id</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6986-0346</contrib-id><name><surname>Caesarardhi</surname><given-names>Muhammad Rasyad</given-names></name><address><country country="ID">Indonesia</country></address><bio><p>MD, Department of Information Systems</p></bio><email>mrasyadc@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0622-3892</contrib-id><name><surname>Putra</surname><given-names>Ramadhan</given-names></name><address><country country="ID">Indonesia</country></address><bio><p>MD, Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine</p></bio><email>ramadhan.hardani@fkg.unair.ac.id</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><institution>Universitas Airlangga</institution></aff><aff id="aff2"><institution>Pontianak Polytechnic Health Ministry</institution></aff><aff id="aff3"><institution>Univesitas Airlangga</institution></aff><aff id="aff4"><institution>Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember</institution></aff><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-06-07" publication-format="electronic"><day>07</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-07-31" publication-format="electronic"><day>31</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>139</fpage><lpage>151</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-01-09"><day>09</day><month>01</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-04-15"><day>15</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2024,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-07-31"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/16110">https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/16110</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold><italic>BACKGROUND: </italic></bold>When creating models utilizing artificial neural networks, the quantity of training data and the distribution of data need to be considered, particularly when making gender predictions.</p> <p><italic><bold>AIM:</bold> </italic>This study seeks to determine the potential impact of using the synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) on gender prediction using the artificial neural networks model.</p> <p><bold><italic>MATERIALS AND METHODS: </italic></bold>The current study utilized a dataset consisting of 297 cephalometric measurements from Indonesian patients, comprising 229 samples from females and 68 samples from males. WebCeph is used to measure certain parameters, such as Sella-Nation-Point A (SNA) angle, mandibular length, mandibular angle, Sella-Glabella-Point A (SGA) angle, and diagnosis. Data processing and artificial neural networks model creation were conducted using Python.</p> <p><italic><bold>RESULTS:</bold> </italic>The gender identification accuracy of the artificial neural networks model is 87% for females and 0% for males, resulting in an overall average accuracy of 78%. When using SMOTE, the accuracy is 22%, with 0% for females and 37% for males. However, when using SMOTE and normalization, the accuracy increases to 71%, with 82% for females and 30% for males. The accuracy of normalization without SMOTE is 76%, with 86% for females and 14% for males.</p> <p><bold><italic>CONCLUSIONS: </italic></bold>This research has proven the efficacy of SMOTE in improving the classification of male matrices. Nevertheless, this study reveals that the overall accuracy results of SMOTE are suboptimal in comparison to the absence of SMOTE and normalization. The application of data balancing strategies is necessary to achieve optimal accuracy in gender prediction when artificial neural networks, and other parameters must be applied.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> При создании моделей, использующих искусственные нейронные сети, необходимо учитывать количество обучающих данных и их распределение, в частности, при прогнозировании пола.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования </bold>― определить потенциальную эффективность метода синтетической передискретизации меньшинства (synthetic minority oversampling technique, SMOTE) при определении пола умерших с помощью искусственной нейронной сети.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>В данном исследовании использовали набор данных, состоящий из 297 цефалометрических измерений индонезийских пациентов (229 женщин и 68 мужчин). Для измерения определённых параметров, таких как угол SNA (Sella-Nation-Point A), длина нижней челюсти, угол нижней челюсти, угол SGA (Sella-Glabella-Point A), и диагностики использовали программу WebCeph. Обработку данных и создание искусственной нейронной сети выполняли на языке программирования Python.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Точность определения пола с помощью искусственной нейронной сети составляет 87% для женщин и 0% для мужчин (в среднем 78%). При использовании SMOTE-алгоритма точность определения пола составляет 22% (0% для женщин, 37% для мужчин). Однако при использовании SMOTE-алгоритма в сочетании с нормализацией данных точность возрастает до 71% (82% для женщин, 30% для мужчин). Точность модели при нормализации данных без применения SMOTE составляет 76% (86% для женщин, 14% для мужчин).</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Данное исследование доказало эффективность SMOTE в улучшении классификации мужских матриц. Тем не менее результаты общей точности недостаточно оптимальны по сравнению с результатами, полученными без применения метода SMOTE и нормализации данных. Для достижения оптимальной точности в определении пола при использовании искусственных нейронных сетей и других параметров необходимо применение стратегий балансировки данных.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p><bold>论证。</bold>在使用人工神经网络创建模型时，有必要考虑训练数据的数量及其分布，尤其是在预测性别时。</p> <p>研究目的是确定合成少数超采样技术（synthetic minority oversampling technique, SMOTE）在使用人工神经网络确定死者性别方面的潜在有效性。</p> <p><bold>材料和方法。</bold>本研究使用的数据集包括对印度尼西亚患者（229 名女性和 68 名男性）进行的297次头颅测量。WebCeph 软件用于测量某些参数，如 SNA 角（Sella-Nation-Point A）、 下颌长度、下颌角、SGA 角（Sella-Glabella-Point A）和诊断。数据处理和人工神经网络的创建使用 Python 编程语言进行。</p> <p><bold>结果。</bold>使用人工神经网络进行性别鉴定的准确率为：女性 87%，男性 0%（平均 78%）。当使用 SMOTE 算法时，性别确定的准确率为 22%（女性为 0%，男性为 37%）。然而，当 SMOTE 算法与数据归一化结合使用时，准确率提高到 71%（女性为 82%，男性为 30%）。在不使用 SMOTE 算法的情况下，使用数据归一化的模型准确率为 76%（女性为 86%，男性为 14%）。</p> <p><bold>结论。</bold>这项研究证明了 SMOTE 在改进男性矩阵分类方面的有效性。然而，与不使用 SMOTE 和数据归一化的结果相比，总体准确度结果还不够理想。为了在使用人工神经网络和其他参数时实现性别确定的最佳精度，需要应用数据平衡策略。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>artificial neural networks</kwd><kwd>cephalometry</kwd><kwd>gender determination</kwd><kwd>SMOTE</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>искусственные нейронные сети</kwd><kwd>цефалометрия</kwd><kwd>определение пола</kwd><kwd>SMOTE</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>人工神经网络</kwd><kwd>头颅测量</kwd><kwd>性别鉴定</kwd><kwd>SMOTE</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This research was funded by Indonesian Health Ministry.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Данное исследование проведено при финансовой поддержке Министерства здравоохранения Индонезии.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="zh">This research was funded by Indonesian Health Ministry.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tahir H. 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