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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Судебная медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2411-8729</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-4161</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16106</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/fm16106</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original study articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>原创研究</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Comparative anatomical characteristics of the distal parts of bear and human limbs</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Сравнительно-анатомическая характеристика дистальных отделов конечностей медведя и человека</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>熊和人类远端肢体的比较解剖学特征</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2456-0948</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4604-6844</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Iudina</surname><given-names>Anastasiia M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юдина</surname><given-names>Анастасия Михайловна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Iudina</surname><given-names>Anastasiia M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>iudinaanmi@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5311-6582</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1635-2548</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Veselkova</surname><given-names>Daria V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Веселкова</surname><given-names>Дарья Владимировна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Veselkova</surname><given-names>Daria V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>daria.veselkova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Archaeology Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт археологии Российской академии наук</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Institute of Archaeology Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-06-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-07-31" publication-format="electronic"><day>31</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>181</fpage><lpage>200</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-12-09"><day>09</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-12-15"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2024,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-07-31"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/16106">https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/16106</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold><italic>BACKGROUND: </italic></bold>The comparative morphology of the human and animal skeletons has been incompletely described in the forensic medical and anthropological literature. Moreover, bones of the distal parts of bear limbs are anatomically similar to those of humans. Together with some features of the bear’s skeleton, poor preservation, absence of claws, and incomplete remains, difficulties and errors may occur during identification.</p> <p><bold><italic>AIM: </italic></bold>To create an illustrative material describing morphological features important for the identification of each element of the distal parts of bear limbs in comparison with humans.</p> <p><italic><bold>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</bold> </italic>Preparations of the distal parts of the right thoracic and right pelvic extremities of the bear were made using osteological materials. The missing talon phalanges of a bear and bones of a human hand and foot were taken from the institute collections. The International Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature was used to describe the anatomical features of bear bones, and the latest recommendations of International Anatomical Terminology were considered for human bones.</p> <p><bold><italic>RESULTS: </italic></bold>Each bone of the bear’s hand and foot was described in comparison with a similar human bone. For greater versatility, descriptions were made in terms of the international zoological nomenclature. For all bones, except for distal sesamoid bones, high-quality photos are provided for aspects that are important for identification. Comparative anatomical analysis showed that the bones of the wrist differ to a greater extent, whereas all tarsal bones, which are part of the human foot, had analogs in the bear foot and had closer measurements. The articular surfaces of the heads of the metacarpals and metatarsals showed specific ridges articulating with the cutouts at the bases of the proximal phalanges of the fingers. In addition, the bear’s hand and foot contained numerous inset sesamoid bones and claw-like processes on the distal phalanges of the fingers.</p> <p><italic><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> </italic>Comparative anatomical analysis showed similarities in the structures of the bones of the hand and foot of a brown bear and a human caused by foot walking. Owing to the morphological similarity, bone identification can be difficult. The set of features described in the article, which are specific to bear bones, in combination with illustrative material will help in identifying bones more accurately, even for individual bones.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Сравнительная морфология скелета человека и животных в судебно-медицинской и антропологической литературе описана неполно. При этом разрозненные кости дистальных отделов конечностей медведя анатомически схожи с человеческими в силу стопохождения, что в совокупности с некоторыми особенностями скелета медведя, плохой сохранностью, отсутствием когтей и некомплектностью останков может вызвать затруднения и ошибки в процессе идентификации.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования </bold>― создание иллюстративного материала с описанием важных для идентификации морфологических особенностей каждого элемента дистальных отделов конечностей медведя в сравнении с аналогичными костями человека.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>Подготовлены препараты дистальных отделов правой грудной и правой тазовой конечностей медведя в соответствии с методикой подготовки остеологических препаратов. Недостающие когтевые фаланги медведя и кости кисти и стопы человека взяты из коллекционных материалов. Для описания анатомических особенностей костей медведя использована Международная ветеринарная анатомическая номенклатура, для костей человека учитывались последние рекомендации Международной анатомической терминологии.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Описана каждая кость кисти и стопы медведя в сравнении с аналогичной костью человека. Для всех костей, за исключением дистальных сесамовидных, приведены качественные фото в ракурсах, имеющих значение для идентификации. Сравнительно-анатомический анализ показал, что кости запястья отличаются в большей степени, тогда как все кости предплюсны, входящие в состав стопы человека, находят свои аналоги в стопе медведя и ближе по размерным характеристикам. Суставные поверхности головок костей пясти и плюсны имеют характерные гребни, сочленяющиеся с вырезками в основаниях проксимальных фаланг пальцев. Кроме этого, для кисти и стопы медведя характерно наличие большого количества вставочных сесамовидных косточек, а также когтевидного отростка на дистальных фалангах пальцев.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Сравнительно-анатомический анализ показал сходства в строении костей кисти и стопы бурого медведя и человека, обусловленные стопохождением. Из-за морфологической близости идентификация костей бывает затруднена. Описанный в статье набор признаков, характерных для костей медведя, в сочетании с иллюстративным материалом поможет в определении даже разрозненных костей дистальных отделов конечностей.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p><bold>论证。</bold>法医和人类学文献对人类和动物骨骼的比较形态描述不完整。与此同时，熊四肢远端零散的骨骼在解剖学上与人类骨骼相似，这是因为它们有脚印。再加上熊骨骼的一些特殊性、保存不善、没有爪子和遗骸不完整，可能会在鉴定过程中造成困难和错误。</p> <p>研究目的是创建说明性材料，描述与类似的人类骨骼相比，熊四肢远端部分每个元素的形态特征对于识别很重要。</p> <p><bold>材料和方法。</bold>熊右侧胸肢和右侧骨盆肢远端部分的制备是按照骨学制备方法进行的。熊缺失的爪趾骨和人的手脚骨取自收藏材料。《国际兽医解剖命名法》用于描述熊骨骼的解剖特征。至于人类骨骼，则参考了《国际解剖术语》的最新建议。</p> <p><bold>结果。</bold>熊的每块手骨和脚骨都与人类的类似骨骼进行了对比描述。为了更具有普遍性，描述采用了《国际动物学命名法》。对于所有骨骼，除了远端芝麻状骨骼，都提供了与识别相关的角度的高质量照片。比较解剖学分析表明，腕骨的差异较大，而作为人类足部一部分的所有跖骨都能在熊足中找到类似物，而且在大小特征上更为接近。掌骨和跖骨头的关节面具有特征性的脊，与手指近端指骨基部的切口相连。此外，熊手和熊脚的特征还包括手指远端指骨上有大量的芝麻状骨突和爪状突起。</p> <p><bold>结论。</bold>比较解剖学分析表明，棕熊和人类的手和脚的骨骼结构因脚部行走而具有相似性。由于形态上的相似性，骨骼的识别可能比较困难。文章中描述的熊骨骼的一系列特征，结合说明性材料，将有助于更准确地确定其隶属关系，即使是根据肢体远端部分的单个骨骼。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>human and animal bones</kwd><kwd>comparative anatomy</kwd><kwd>brown bear</kwd><kwd>Ursidae</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>кости человека и животных</kwd><kwd>сравнительная анатомия</kwd><kwd>бурый медведь</kwd><kwd>Ursidae</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>人类和动物骨骼</kwd><kwd>比较解剖学</kwd><kwd>棕熊</kwd><kwd>Ursidae</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was carried out within the state assignment № 122011200264-9 "Interdisciplinary approach in the study of the formation and development of ancient and medieval anthropogenic ecosystems".</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках НИОКТР 122011200264-9 «Междисциплинарный подход в изучении становления и развития древних и средневековых антропогенных экосистем».</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="zh">The work was carried out within the state assignment № 122011200264-9 "Interdisciplinary approach in the study of the formation and development of ancient and medieval anthropogenic ecosystems".</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avdeev AI, Potereykin KS. 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