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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Судебная медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2411-8729</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-4161</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">14219</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/fm14219</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original study articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>原创研究</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Bridging the gap: Assessing death certification competency in Bulgarian healthcare education</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Восполнение пробелов: оценка компетентности в области освидетельствования смерти в болгарской системе медицинского образования</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>填补空白：评估保加利亚医学教育体系中死亡证明的能力</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2958-1702</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolev</surname><given-names>Yanko G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колев</surname><given-names>Янко Георгиев</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kolev</surname><given-names>Yanko G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="BG">Bulgaria</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Assistant Lecturer</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р медицины, главный ассистент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Assistant Lecturer</p></bio><email>drforensic@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7095-5572</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Valentinova</surname><given-names>Tsvetelina</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Валентинова</surname><given-names>Цветелина</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Valentinova</surname><given-names>Tsvetelina</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="BG">Bulgaria</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р медицины, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Assistant Professor</p></bio><email>tsvm2002@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9676-3605</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Stefanovski</surname><given-names>Petko H.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стефановски</surname><given-names>Петко Х.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Stefanovski</surname><given-names>Petko H.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="BG">Bulgaria</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р медицины, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Assistant Professor</p></bio><email>p.stefanovski@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0292-7347</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tumbeva</surname><given-names>Elka</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тумбева</surname><given-names>Елка</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Tumbeva</surname><given-names>Elka</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="BG">Bulgaria</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Assistant Lecturer</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ассистент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Assistant Lecturer</p></bio><email>e.tumbeva@abv.bg</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0115-9985</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mirochnik</surname><given-names>Nikolay M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мирочник</surname><given-names>Николай Милков</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Mirochnik</surname><given-names>Nikolay M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="BG">Bulgaria</country></address><email>nikolaimirochnik@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7679-1124</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolev</surname><given-names>Preslav-Geo Y.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колев</surname><given-names>Преслав-Гео Янков</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kolev</surname><given-names>Preslav-Geo Y.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="BG">Bulgaria</country></address><email>preslavgeo1@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Medical University of Pleven</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Медицинский Университет – Плевен</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Medical University of Pleven</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Department of Forensic Medicine, District hospital MBAL</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Областная больница Многопрофильной больницы активного лечения</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Department of Forensic Medicine, District hospital MBAL</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Medical Faculty of Sofia University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Софийский Университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Medical Faculty of Sofia University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2023-11-27" publication-format="electronic"><day>27</day><month>11</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>391</fpage><lpage>401</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-09-03"><day>03</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-09-14"><day>14</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2023,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2025-12-15"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/14219">https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/14219</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold><italic> </italic>In Bulgaria, procedural protocols following a citizen’s death are governed by an intricate network of normative documents. Despite the presumed alignment between international and national guidelines, practical experiences reveal shortcomings in the proficiency of healthcare providers, particularly in cases involving prior medical interventions or systemic vulnerabilities.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> This study aimed to assess the readiness of final-year medical students and early-career physicians in navigating death certification intricacies, including their responses, documentation precision, and postmortem procedures for bereaved families, with implications for national health statistics.</p> <p><bold>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</bold><italic> </italic>By employing a mixed-methods approach, this study distributed questionnaires to sixth-year medical students and practicing physicians, including those in emergency medicine centers and general practice. Data collection included paper-based and digital questionnaires, ensuring anonymity and ethical compliance. Statistical analysis, employing parametric (t-test) and nonparametric (Chi-square) tests, forms the basis for actionable recommendations and educational material development.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> This study included 143 participants, of which 41% expressed apprehension about managing out-of-hospital deaths. Approximately 44% claimed familiarity with death certification regulations, with students displaying higher theoretical confidence but lacking practical knowledge. Remarkably, 74% of physicians never received formal training in death certification. Discrepancies in issuing death certificates, timing, and notification procedures were identified.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Findings reveal varying practices among physicians according to their specialties. Issues related to documentation, timing, and notification were prevalent. The study emphasizes the need for improved training, particularly for medical students. Emergency medicine doctors exhibited higher preparedness levels. Medical students and early-career physicians urgently require enhanced education in death certification preparedness. Incorporating these topics into medical curricula, offering specialized courses, and disseminating instructional materials can significantly enhance effectiveness. Future studies should assess the quality and accuracy of recorded causes of death, which affect healthcare statistics, public service, and legal procedures, underscoring the societal and administrative significance of death certification practices.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> В Болгарии процедура регистрации смерти гражданина регулируется сложной цепочкой нормативных документов. Несмотря на предполагаемую согласованность международных и национальных рекомендаций, практический опыт свидетельствует о недостатках квалификации медицинских работников, особенно в случаях, связанных с предшествующим медицинским вмешательством или системной уязвимостью.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> ― оценить умение студентов последних курсов медицинских вузов и начинающих врачей ориентироваться в тонкостях освидетельствования смерти, в том числе по результатам анкетирования, а также оформления документов и посмертных процедур для членов семьи умерших, что будет актуально для национальной статистики здравоохранения.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Среди студентов 6-го курса и практикующих врачей, в том числе в учреждениях экстренной медицинской помощи и общей практики, выполнено анкетирование по смешанной методике. Результаты статистического анализа с использованием параметрических (t-тест) и непараметрических (хи-квадрат) критериев послужили основой для разработки практических рекомендаций и учебных материалов.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Из 143 участников, включённых в исследование, 41% выразил опасения по поводу освидетельствования внегоспитальной смерти. Около 44% заявили, что знакомы с правилами освидетельствования смерти, при этом студенты продемонстрировали хорошую теоретическую подготовку, но не имели достаточных практических навыков. Примечательно, что 74% врачей никогда не проходили формального обучения по освидетельствованию смерти. Выявлены расхождения в оформлении свидетельств о смерти, сроках и процедурах оповещения компетентных органов.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о различиях в практике врачей в области освидетельствования смерти в зависимости от их специализации. Наибольшую сложность вызывали вопросы оформления документации, сроков и оповещения о смерти. Исследование подчёркивает необходимость повышения уровня подготовки в этой области, особенно для студентов медицинских вузов. Сравнение компетентности опытных специалистов и студентов-медиков, начинающих врачей к различному развитию событий, связанных со смертью, позволило сформулировать практические рекомендации, в первую очередь для начинающих медицинских специалистов.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p><bold>论证。</bold>在保加利亚，公民死亡登记程序受一系列复杂法规的制约。虽然国际和国内的指导方针应该是统一的，但实际经验表明，医务工作者的技能存在差距，尤其是在涉及先前医疗干预或系统脆弱性的情况下。本研究的目的是评估毕业班医学生和新手医生是否准备应对错综复杂的死亡证明程序（包括问卷调查结果），以及评价为死者家属提供文书工作和尸检程序的准确度。这对国家卫生统计会有现实意义。</p> <p><bold>该研究的目的。</bold>本研究的作者对医学生和新手医生对与死亡有关的各种事态发展的准备情况进行了综合评估，并且将他们的能力与经验丰富的专业人员进行了比较，从而制定出实用的建议，主要针对新手医务人员。这项研究没有评估确定死因的准确度。该研究的目的是提高教育水平，编写信息手册和课程调整建议，以改善医学课程的培训。</p> <p>材料与方法。本研究采用混合方法对六年级医学生和执业医生（包括急诊和全科医生）进行了问卷调查。数据收集是使用纸质和数字问卷进行的。这确保匿名性并符合了道德标准。使用参数（t检验）和非参数（卡方检验）标准进行统计分析的结果为制定实用建议和培训材料提供了依据。</p> <p><bold>结果。</bold>共有143名参与者被纳入了该研究。其中41%的人对院外死亡证明表示担忧。约44%的人表示，他们熟悉死亡证明的规则。学生们表现出良好的理论背景，但缺乏实践技能。值得注意的是，74%的医生从未接受过正规的死亡认证培训。在死亡证明书的办理、期限和通知主管当局的程序方面存在差异。</p> <p><bold>结论。</bold>该研究结果表明，不同专业的医生在死亡证明方面的做法存在差异。文件记录、时间安排和死亡通知是最具挑战性的问题。这项研究强调了在这一领域开展更多培训的必要性，尤其是对医学生而言。急诊医生的培训水平更高。医学生和新手医生急需加强这方面的培训。将这些主题纳入课程、提供专业课程和分发教材的过程可以大大提高学习效果。进一步的研究需要评估死因登记的质量和准确度。死因登记的质量和准确度对于公共卫生服务的医疗统计和法律程序非常重要。这证实死亡证明做法在公共和行政方面的重要性。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>diagnosis of death</kwd><kwd>death certification</kwd><kwd>out-of-hospital deaths</kwd><kwd>forensic medicine</kwd><kwd>procedures</kwd><kwd>medical education</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>констатация смерти</kwd><kwd>освидетельствование смерти</kwd><kwd>внегоспитальная смерть</kwd><kwd>судебно-медицинская экспертиза</kwd><kwd>процедуры</kwd><kwd>медицинское образование</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>证实死亡</kwd><kwd>证明死亡</kwd><kwd>院外死亡</kwd><kwd>法医学鉴定</kwd><kwd>程序</kwd><kwd>医学教育</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This research was performed with a partial funding from the Medical University — Pleven, under Project D15/2022.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при частичном финансировании Медицинского университета Плевена в рамках проекта D15/2022.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="zh">This research was performed with a partial funding from the Medical University — Pleven, under Project D15/2022.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martin M.P. 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