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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Судебная медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2411-8729</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-4161</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">11915</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/fm11915</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original study articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>原创研究</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Individual age determination based on computed tomography knee analysis using artificial neural networks and computer vision: Preliminary results</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Установление возраста индивидуума на основе анализа компьютерной томографии коленного сустава с применением искусственных нейронных сетей и компьютерного зрения. Предварительные результаты</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>利用人工神经网络和计算机视觉，根据膝关节计算机断层扫描分析判断一个人的年龄。初步结果</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1224-1077</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1352-8848</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zolotenkov</surname><given-names>Dmitry D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Золотенков</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Дмитриевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Zolotenkov</surname><given-names>Dmitry D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>Zolotenkovaspir@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7269-8741</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1519-0717</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Trufanov</surname><given-names>Maksim I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Труфанов</surname><given-names>Максим Игоревич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Trufanov</surname><given-names>Maksim I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Engin.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. тех. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Engin.)</p></bio><email>temp1202@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5533-214X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5418-6554</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Solodovnikov</surname><given-names>Vladimir I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Солодовников</surname><given-names>Владимир Игоревич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Solodovnikov</surname><given-names>Vladimir I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Engin.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. тех. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Engin.)</p></bio><email>v_solodovnikov@hotmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Design Information Technologies Center Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Центр информационных технологий в проектировании Российской академии наук</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Design Information Technologies Center Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2023-11-14" publication-format="electronic"><day>14</day><month>11</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>403</fpage><lpage>412</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-06-14"><day>14</day><month>06</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-09-05"><day>05</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2023,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2025-12-15"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/11915">https://for-medex.ru/jour/article/view/11915</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:<italic> </italic></bold>Currently, studies have focused on the modernization of existing methods of forensic age assessment (bone and skeletal) through the active use of modern methods of medical imaging (e.g., computed tomography) and artificial intelligence for their analysis. This approach enables the creation of new methods for assessing biological age, which is characterized by increased accuracy and reproducibility.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold><italic> </italic>To develop and test an algorithm for predicting the biological age of an individual based on computed tomography analysis of the knee joint using artificial neural networks and computer vision.</p> <p><bold>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</bold><italic> </italic>This observational retrospective transverse (one time) study analyzed computed tomography scans (334) of the knee joint performed in the Departments of Radiation Diagnostics of the Priorov Central Institute for Trauma and Orthopedics, Vreden National Medical Center for Traumatology and Orthopedics, between 2018 and 2021. The study enrolled persons of both sexes aged 13–45 years. Cases of developmental abnormalities, knee injuries, signs of general connective tissue pathology were excluded. Research methods include the use of intelligent information technologies (a formalized set of mathematical and software solutions).</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Based on the experiments conducted, an algorithm for assessing age according to the computed tomography scans of the knee joint has been developed. The main components of the developed system are as follows: a preprocessing module, an intelligent computing core, a data analysis module, a three-dimensional reconstruction module, a property extraction module, and a final age assessment module. The essence of the proposed method is the simultaneous use of artificial neural networks and clearly formalized mathematical procedures for calculating the properties of the epiphyseal line. To obtain the results and conduct primary experimental studies that confirmed the feasibility, correctness, and operability of the method, software using the YOLOv5 neural network was developed. The result of the error matrix analysis after training shows a probability of correct recognition of the order of 80%. Verification of experimental studies was performed on 46 cases. At present, the age estimation error is approximately 1 year for children and adolescents.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> The experimental results have confirmed the adequacy of the age estimates obtained to the actual age of the individual and, consequently, the applicability of the proposed method in forensic medical institutions. The proposed method is currently implemented as a set of software components with subsequent manual integration of automatically calculated data. The plan was to supplement the database of computed tomography images to increase the training sample and the accuracy of age prediction.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>В настоящее время существует чёткая направленность на модернизацию существующих методов судебно-медицинской оценки возраста (костного, скелетного) посредством активного использования современных методов медицинской визуализации (например, компьютерной томографии) и искусственного интеллекта для их анализа. Подобный подход позволяет создать новые методы оценки биологического возраста, характеризуемые повышенной точностью и воспроизводимостью.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> ― разработка и экспериментальная апробация алгоритма прогнозирования биологического возраста индивидуума на основе анализа компьютерной томографии коленного сустава с применением искусственных нейронных сетей и компьютерного зрения.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> С помощью интеллектуальных информационных технологий (формализованный набор математических и программных решений) проанализированы компьютерные томограммы коленного сустава (<italic>n</italic>=334), выполненные в отделениях лучевой диагностики Национального медицинского исследовательского центра травматологии и ортопедии имени Н.Н. Приорова и Национального медицинского исследовательского центра травматологии и ортопедии имени Р.Р. Вредена в период с 2018 по 2021 год. Субъектами исследования были лица обоего пола в возрасте от 13 до 45 лет без аномалий развития, повреждения колена, признаков общей патологии соединительной ткани.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> На основании проведённых исследований разработан алгоритм оценки возраста по данным компьютерной томографии коленного сустава. Основными компонентами разработанной системы являются модуль предварительной обработки, интеллектуальное вычислительное ядро, модуль анализа данных, модуль трёхмерной реконструкции, модуль извлечения свойств и модуль финальной оценки возраста. Сущность предложенного метода состоит в одновременном применении искусственных нейронных сетей и чётко формализованных математических процедур вычисления свойств эпифизарной линии. Для получения результатов и проведения первичных экспериментальных исследований, подтвердивших реализуемость, корректность и работоспособность метода, реализовано тестовое программное обеспечение с использованием искусственной нейронной сети модели YOLOv5. Результат анализа матрицы ошибок после обучения показывает вероятность верного распознавания порядка 80%. Проверка экспериментальных исследований осуществлена на 46 компьютерных томограммах коленного сустава. На данный момент, погрешность оценки возраста составляет около одного года для детского и подросткового возраста.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Полученные предварительные результаты экспериментальных исследований подтвердили адекватность получаемых оценок возраста фактическому возрасту индивида и, следовательно, перспективность использования предложенного алгоритма для создания автоматизированного метода оценки возраста и дальнейшего его применения в практике судебно-медицинских учреждений. Разработанный алгоритм на данный момент времени реализован в виде совокупности программных компонент с последующим ручным объединением автоматически вычисленных данных. Планируется дополнить базу компьютерных томографических снимков, чтобы увеличить обучающую выборку и проверить точность прогноза возраста на расширенной выборке, в том числе с учётом половой принадлежности субъектов исследования.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p><bold>论证。</bold>目前，对通过积极利用现代医学影像方法（如电子计算机断层扫描）和人工智能来分析的现有法医年龄估计方法进行现代化改造已成为一个明确的重点。这种方法使我们有可能创造出具有更高精度和可重复性特点的生理年龄估计新方法。</p> <p><bold>该研究的目</bold>的是利用人工神经网络和计算机视觉，在膝关节计算机断层扫描分析的基础上，开发一种预测个人生理年龄的算法，并对其进行实验测试。</p> <p><bold>材料与方法。</bold>我们采用智能信息技术（一套正规的数学和软件解决方案）对膝关节计算机断层扫描图（n=334）进行了分析。计算机断层扫描是2018年至2021年在以N.N.Priorov命名的国家创伤和矫形医学研究中心（National Medical Research Centre of Traumatology and Orthopedics named after N.N.Priorov）和以R.R.Vreden命名的国家创伤和矫形医学研究中心（National Medical Research Centre of Traumatology and Orthopedics named after R.R.Vreden）的放射诊断科进行的。研究对象为年龄在13至45岁之间、无畸形、膝关节损伤和一般结缔组织病变迹象的男女个体。</p> <p><bold>结果。</bold>在该研究的基础上，我们利用膝关节计算机断层扫描数据开发了一种年龄估计算法。所开发系统的主要组成部分包括预处理模块、智能计算核心、数据分析模块、三维重建模块、特征提取模块和最终年龄估计模块。所提方法的精髓在于同时应用人工神经网络和明确的正规化数学程序来计算骺线的特征。为了获得结果并进行初步实验研究以证实该方法的可行性、正确性和可操作性，我们使用YOLOv5模型的人工神经网络实施了测试软件。学习后的误差矩阵分析结果显示，正确识别的概率约为80%。我们在46张膝关节计算机断层扫描图像上对实验研究进行了验证。目前，儿童和青少年的年龄估计误差约为一岁。</p> <p><bold>结论。</bold>实验研究的初步结果证实了，所获得的年龄估计值与个人的实际年龄相吻合，因此，有望利用所提出的算法来创建一种自动年龄估计方法，并将其进一步应用于法医机构的实践中。目前，我们开发的算法是作为一套软件组件实施的，随后将对自动计算的数据进行人工整合。计划对计算机断层扫描图像数据库进行补充，以增加训练样本，并在扩展样本上测试年龄预测的准确度，包括考虑研究对象的性别。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>forensic age assessment</kwd><kwd>knee computed tomography</kwd><kwd>data mining</kwd><kwd>machine learning</kwd><kwd>neural networks</kwd><kwd>computer vision</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>судебно-медицинская оценка возраста</kwd><kwd>компьютерная томография колена</kwd><kwd>интеллектуальный анализ данных</kwd><kwd>машинное обучение</kwd><kwd>нейронные сети</kwd><kwd>компьютерное зрение</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>法医年龄估计</kwd><kwd>膝关节计算机断层扫描</kwd><kwd>数据探索</kwd><kwd>机器学习</kwd><kwd>神经网络</kwd><kwd>计算机视觉</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The research is carried out within the framework of topic No. FFSM-2019-0001</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполняется в рамках темы № FFSM-2019-0001</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="zh">The research is carried out within the framework of topic No. FFSM-2019-0001</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">AGFAD (2018) Stellungnahme: Forensische altersdiagnostik bei unbegleiteten minderjährigen flüchtlingen. 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