Prospects for estimating the postmortem interval under extreme temperature exposure using autofluorescence spectroscopy of NADH and FAD cofactors: a review

Cover Page


Cite item

Full Text

Open Access Open Access
Restricted Access Access granted
Restricted Access Subscription or Fee Access

Abstract

Accurate estimation of the postmortem interval is one of the key tasks of forensic medical examination and is of critical importance for investigative processes. In routine forensic practice, postmortem interval is commonly assessed based on well-known early and late postmortem changes, which often results in substantial variability of the estimated time interval. Although more precise physical, biochemical, and biophysical methods have been developed for postmortem interval estimation, they have not been widely implemented in forensic practice due to several limitations, including high cost, technical complexity, and labor-intensive application.

In this review, we briefly analyze conventional methods for postmortem interval estimation and evaluate the effectiveness and prospects of innovative approaches under conditions of high-temperature exposure. In particular, we consider the potential application of laser-induced autofluorescence spectroscopy of the cofactors NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide).

A scientific data search was conducted using PubMed, eLibrary, and Scopus databases. Full-text access was obtained via the Russian State Library, the National Electronic Library, ResearchGate, and the Elsevier and Wiley platforms for the period 1960–2026. The following keywords were used in Russian and English: постмортальный период / postmortem interval, ДНС/PMI, коферменты/coenzymes, НАДН/NADH, ФАД/FAD, аутофлюоресценция/autofluorescence, посмертная гипертермия / postmortem hyperthermia, судебно-медицинская танатология / forensic thanatology, давность наступления смерти / time of death, посмертные изменения / postmortem changes, температура окружающей среды / ambient temperature, лазерно-индуцированная аутофлуоресцентная спектроскопия / laser-induced autofluorescence spectroscopy.

The relative simplicity and low labor intensity of laser-induced autofluorescence spectroscopy of NADH and FAD represent substantial advantages. Further development of criteria for postmortem interval estimation under various environmental conditions, particularly in cases of exposure to high temperatures, appears promising and holds considerable potential for forensic medicine.

Full Text

Restricted Access

About the authors

Shushan M. Sargsyan

Peoples' Friendship University of Russia; Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination

Author for correspondence.
Email: sargsyan_shm@pfur.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0008-4565-3335
Russian Federation, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya st, Moscow, 117198; Moscow

Dmitriy V. Sundukov

Peoples' Friendship University of Russia

Email: sundukov-dv@rudn.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8173-8944
SPIN-code: 2968-7961

MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor

Russian Federation, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya st, Moscow, 117198

Asya R. Bashirova

Peoples' Friendship University of Russia

Email: bashirova-ar@rudn.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0236-8314
SPIN-code: 2795-7817
Russian Federation, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya st, Moscow, 117198

Аskold V. Smirnov

Peoples' Friendship University of Russia

Email: smirnov-avl@rudn.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6017-5310
SPIN-code: 8821-7740

MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)

Russian Federation, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya st, Moscow, 117198

Alexander A. Suslin

Peoples' Friendship University of Russia

Email: suslin-aa@rudn.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4186-3470
Russian Federation, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya st, Moscow, 117198

Mikhail M. Marevichev

Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination

Email: marevichev.mm@sudmedmo.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0002-3235-0972

MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)

Russian Federation, Moscow

Natalia A. Romanko

Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination; Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute

Email: romankomko@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2113-0480
SPIN-code: 9828-8160

MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)

Russian Federation, Moscow; Moscow

References

  1. Halikov AA, Kildyushov EM, Kuznetsov KO, et al. Use of microRNA to estimate time science death: review. Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine. 2021;7(3):132–138. doi: 10.17816/fm412 EDN: FHYOZZ
  2. Kil’dyushov EM, Ermakova YV, Tumanov EV, Kuznetsova GS. Estimation of time since death in the late postmortem period in forensic medicine (literature review). Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine. 2018;4(1):34–38. doi: 10.19048/2411-8729-2018-4-1-34-38 EDN: YWDARF
  3. Ruiz López JL, Partido Navadijo M. Estimation of the post-mortem interval: a review. Forensic Science International. 2025;369:112412. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112412 EDN: NTHHFH
  4. Indiaminov SI, Zhumanov ZE, Blinova SA. Problems of establishing the prescription of death. Sudebno-meditsinskaya ekspertiza. 2020;63(6):45. doi: 10.17116/sudmed20206306145 EDN: FXLSCS
  5. Ferreira MT, Cunha E. Can we infer post mortem interval on the basis of decomposition rate? A case from a Portuguese cemetery. Forensic Science International. 2013;226(1-3):298.e1–298.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.01.006
  6. Shedge R, Krishan K, Warrier V, Kanchan T. Postmortem changes. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539741/
  7. Cohen PR, Moss RJ, Prahlow JA. Livor mortis and forensic dermatology: a review of death-related gravity-dependent lividity and postmortem hypostasis. Cureus. 2025;17(8):e90760. doi: 10.7759/cureus.90760
  8. Cox WA. Early postmortem changes and time of death. ForensicMD. 2009. Available from: https://forensicmd.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/early-postmortem-changes1.pdf
  9. Steuer AE, Wartmann Y, Schellenberg R, et al. Postmortem metabolomics: influence of time since death on the level of endogenous compounds in human femoral blood. Necessary to be considered in metabolome study planning? Metabolomics. 2024;20(3):51. doi: 10.1007/s11306-024-02117-y EDN: SDFUKV
  10. Madea B, Musshoff F. Postmortem biochemistry. Forensic Science International. 2007;165(2-3):165–171. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.05.023
  11. Coe JI. Postmortem chemistry of blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and vitreous humor. Legal Medicine Annual. 1977;1976:55–92. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/325316/
  12. Mayer M, Neufeld B. Post-mortem changes in skeletal muscle protease and creatine phosphokinase activity — A possible marker for determination of time of death. Forensic Science International. 1980;15(3):197–203. doi: 10.1016/0379-0738(80)90134-6
  13. Zhu BL, Ishikawa T, Michiue T, et al. Evaluation of postmortem urea nitrogen, creatinine and uric acid levels in pericardial fluid in forensic autopsy. Legal Medicine. 2005;7(5):287–292. doi: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2005.04.005
  14. Madea B, editor. Handbook of forensic medicine. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated; 2022. ISBN: 9781119648550 Available from: https://catalog.nlm.nih.gov/discovery/fulldisplay/alma9918231745106676/01NLM_INST:01NLM_INST
  15. Popov VL, Kazakova EL, Lavrukova OS, Polyakov AY. On the prospects of the impedance monitoring method for determining the prescription of death coming. Forensic Medical Expertise. 2023;66(2):20–25. doi: 10.17116/sudmed20236602120 EDN: MQZICF
  16. Lavrukova OS, Kazakova EL, Nikitina EA, Popov VL. To the study of the corpse tissues’ impedance dynamics in the late postmortem period. Forensic Medical Expertise. 2021;64(2):23–27. doi: 10.17116/sudmed20216402123 EDN: NSXSYE
  17. Ismailov NK. Experimental anatomical study of the dielectric permittivity of biological tissues in the aspect of the time of death. Vestnik of the Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University. 2024;24(9):174–179. doi: 10.36979/1694-500X-2024-24-9-174-179 EDN: EYOFIK
  18. Bauer M, Gramlich I, Polzin S, Patzelt D. Quantification of mRNA degradation as possible indicator of postmortem interval—a pilot study. Legal Medicine. 2003;5(4):220–227. doi: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2003.08.001
  19. Anderson RR. DNA degradation and postmortem interval: preliminary observations and methods [dissertation]. Knoxville: University of Tennessee; 2005. Available from: https://trace.tennessee.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/6e60d47b-3d22-4536-b2f9
  20. Zissler A, Stoiber W, Steinbacher P, et al. Postmortem protein degradation as a tool to estimate the PMI: a systematic review. Diagnostics. 2020;10(12):1014. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics10121014 EDN: DDYFOS
  21. Maiese A, Scatena A, Costantino A, et al. MicroRNAs as useful tools to estimate time since death. A systematic review of current literature. Diagnostics. 2021;11(1):64. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics11010064 EDN: BWWTTS
  22. Partemi S, Berne PM, Batlle M, et al. Analysis of mRNA from human heart tissue and putative applications in forensic molecular pathology. Forensic Science International. 2010;203(1-3):99–105. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.07.005
  23. Mustafina GR, Khalikov AA, Kuznetsov KO, Nazarova EM. Forensic bone proteomics: novel biomarkers and technologies for estimating the postmortem interval (a review). Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine. 2025;11(3):266–275. doi: 10.17816/fm16284 EDN: HEALQI
  24. Locci E, Stocchero M, Gottardo R, et al. PMI estimation through metabolomics and potassium analysis on animal vitreous humour. International Journal of Legal Medicine. 2023;137(3):887–895. doi: 10.1007/s00414-023-02975-6 EDN: WDFBPI
  25. Franceschetti L, Amadasi A, Bugelli V, et al. Estimation of late postmortem interval: where do we stand? A literature review. Biology. 2023;12(6):783. doi: 10.3390/biology12060783 EDN: NJVWJN
  26. Brockbals L, Garrett-Rickman S, Fu S, et al. Estimating the time of human decomposition based on skeletal muscle biopsy samples utilizing an untargeted LC–MS/MS-based proteomics approach. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2023;415(22):5487–5498. doi: 10.1007/s00216-023-04822-4 EDN: SXNXAY
  27. Choi KM, Zissler A, Kim E, et al. Postmortem proteomics to discover biomarkers for forensic PMI estimation. International Journal of Legal Medicine. 2019;133(3):899–908. doi: 10.1007/s00414-019-02011-6 EDN: RFDCGI
  28. Khalikov AA, Kildyushov EM, Kuznetsov KO, Rahmatullina GR. Estimation of time since death with the postmortem microbiome: a modern view and approaches to solving the problem. Forensic Medical Expertise. 2022;65(3):49–53. doi: 10.17116/sudmed20226503149 EDN: TQGZHP
  29. Sidorova NA, Popov VL, Lavrukova OS. Prospects for molecular-genetic support of research on proteolytics in the necrobiome composition. Forensic Medical Expertise. 2021;64(2):32–36. doi: 10.17116/sudmed20216402132 EDN: OKHAPN
  30. Jambs WR, Knight BH. Errors in estimating time since death. Medicine, Science and the Low. 1965;5(2):111–116. doi: 10.1177/002580246500500210
  31. Kil’diushov EM, Tumanov EV, Sokolova ZIu. The theory of postmortem rigidity: the history and an original concept. Forensic Medical Expertise. 2012;(3):48–51. EDN: PEKEER
  32. Plenck I. Manual of forensic medicine (1799) / Gromov SA. Brief summary of forensic medicine (1832). Saint Petersburg: Publishing House of Saint Petersburg State University, Publishing House of the Law Faculty of Saint Petersburg State University, 2004. ISBN: 5-288-03409-5 (In Russ.) Available from: https://www.forens-med.ru/book.php?id=1320
  33. Madea B. Estimating time of death from measurement of the electrical excitability of skeletal muscle. Journal of the Forensic Science Society. 1992;32(2):117–129. doi: 10.1016/s0015-7368(92)73061-8
  34. Hayman J, Oxenham M. Estimation of the time since death: current research and future trends. Australia: Academic Press; 2020. ISBN: 9780128157312 Available from: https://shop.elsevier.com/books/estimation-of-the-time-since-death/hayman/978-0-12-815731-2#full-description
  35. Sacco MA, Gualtieri S, Tarzia P, et al. The impact of climate change on the crime scene and forensic sciences. La Clinica Terapeutica. 2024 J;175(Suppl 1(4)):121–124. doi: 10.7417/CT.2024.5098
  36. Lanzinger N, Verhoff MA, Birngruber CG, Lutz L. Factors influencing the progression of post-mortem changes between scene and autopsy. Scientific Reports. 2026;16(1):1950. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-35786-x
  37. Henßge C, Madea B. Estimation of the time since death in the early post-mortem period. Forensic Science International. 2004;144(2-3):167–175. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.04.051
  38. Dell'Aquila M, De Matteis A, Scatena A, et al. Estimation of the time of death: where we are now? La Clinica Terapeutica. 2021;172(2):109–112. doi: 10.7417/CT.2021.2294
  39. Madea B. Methods for determining time of death. Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology. 2016;12(4):451–485. doi: 10.1007/s12024-016-9776-y EDN: UTWHLK
  40. Henssge C, Madea B. Estimation of the time since death. Forensic Science International. 2007;165(2-3):182–184. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.05.017
  41. Knight B, Saukko P. Knight's forensic pathology. London: CRC Press; 2015. ISBN: 9780429102356 doi: 10.1201/b13266
  42. Almulhim AM, Menezes RG. Evaluation of postmortem changes. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554464/
  43. Ozawa M, Iwadate K, Matsumoto S, et al. The effect of temperature on the mechanical aspects of rigor mortis in a liquid paraffin model. Legal Medicine. 2013;15(6):293–297. doi: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2013.08.001
  44. Ikeda N. Postmortem phenomenon. The Japanese Journal of Legal Medicine. 2008;62(2):136–44. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19068750/
  45. Bate-Smith EC, Bendall JR. Rigor mortis and adenosine-triphosphate. The Journal of Physiology. 1947;106(2):177–185. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1947.sp004202
  46. Bate-Smith EC, Bendall JR. Factors determining the time course of rigor mortis. The Journal of Physiology. 1949;110(1-2):47–65. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1949.sp004420
  47. Vass AA. Beyond the grave – understanding human decomposition. Microbiology Today. 2001;28:190–192. Available from: https://www.academia.dk/BiologiskAntropologi/Tafonomi/PDF/ArpadVass_2001.pdf
  48. Iwamoto M, Yamanaka H, Abe H, et al. ATP and creatine phosphate breakdown in spiked plaice muscle during storage, and activities of some enzymes involved. Journal of Food Science. 1988;53(6):1662–1665. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1988.tb07810.x
  49. Kõrgesaar K, Jordana X, Gallego G, et al. Taphonomic model of decomposition. Legal Medicine. 2022;56:102031. doi: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2022.102031 EDN: SVOFWF
  50. Gelderman HT, Kruiver CA, Oostra RJ, et al. Estimation of the postmortem interval based on the human decomposition process. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 2019;61:122–127. doi: 10.1016/j.jflm.2018.12.004
  51. Vass AA. The elusive universal post-mortem interval formula. Forensic Science International. 2011;204(1-3):34–40. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.04.052
  52. Lavrukova OS, Kazakova EL, Polyakov AYu. Postmortem tissue changes and dynamics of their impedance parameters: a preclinical experimental study. Kuban Scientific Medical Bulletin. 2023;30(5):77–86. doi: 10.25207/1608-6228-2023-30-5-77-86 EDN: KIEPLW
  53. Indiaminov SI, Zhumanov ZE, Blinova SA. Characteristics and dynamics of autolytic microscopic changes in myocardial structures after hanging. Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine. 2024;10(3):305–314. doi: 10.17816/fm15179 EDN: AFQVPC
  54. Nedugov GV. Mathematical modeling of the corpse cooling under conditions of varying ambient temperature. Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine. 2021;7(1):29–35. doi: 10.17816/fm360 EDN: SEWFID
  55. Ali MM, Ibrahim SF, Fayed AA. Using skin gene markers for estimating early postmortem interval at different temperatures. American Journal of Forensic Medicine & Pathology. 2017;38(4):323–325. doi: 10.1097/PAF.0000000000000337
  56. Gladkikh DB. The influence of the temperature factor on the supravital pupillary reaction in forensic diagnostics of the time of death. Meditsinskaya ekspertiza i pravo. 2013;(6):33–36. (In Russ.) EDN: ROQDSL
  57. Nedugov VG, Nedugov GV. Mathematical programming in assessment of the postmortem interval under conditions of linearly varying external temperature. Forensic Medical Expertise. 2025;68(4):34–39. doi: 10.17116/sudmed20256804134 EDN: LZPLAS
  58. Fan W, Dai X, Ye Y, et al. Estimation of postmortem interval under different ambient temperatures based on multi-organ metabolomics and machine learning algorithm. International Journal of Legal Medicine. 2025;139(5):2561–2575. doi: 10.1007/s00414-025-03523-0 EDN: WAPTWG
  59. Babkina AS. Laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy in the diagnosis of tissue hypoxia (review). General Reanimatology. 2019;15(6):50–61. doi: 10.15360/1813-9779-2019-6-50-61 EDN: DRDCQI
  60. Mayevsky A, Barbiro-Michaely E. Shedding light on mitochondrial function by real time monitoring of NADH fluorescence: I. Basic methodology and animal studies. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing. 2012;27(1):1–34. doi: 10.1007/s10877-012-9414-5 EDN: CJHSZL
  61. Chance B, Legallais V. A Spectrofluorometer for recording of intracellular oxidation-reduction states. IRE Transactions on Bio-Medical Electronics. 1963;10(2):40–47. doi: 10.1109/tbmel.1963.4322789
  62. Blacker TS, Duchen MR. Investigating mitochondrial redox state using NADH and NADPH autofluorescence. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2016;100:53–65. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.08.010 EDN: XUOJWL
  63. Song A, Zhao N, Hilpert DC, et al. Visualizing subcellular changes in the NAD(H) pool size versus redox state using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy of NADH. Communications Biology. 2024;7(1):428. doi: 10.1038/s42003-024-06123-7 EDN: MZMUSB
  64. Chance B, Legallais V, Schoener B. Metabolically linked changes in fluorescence emission spectra of cortex of rat brain, kidney and adrenal gland. Nature. 1962;195(4846):1073–1075. doi: 10.1038/1951073a0
  65. Heikal AA. Intracellular coenzymes as natural biomarkers for metabolic activities and mitochondrial anomalies. Biomarkers in Medicine. 2010;4(2):241–263. doi: 10.2217/bmm.10.1 EDN: NBBRIJ
  66. Heidelman M, Dhakal B, Gikunda M, et al. Cellular NADH and NADPH conformation as a real-time fluorescence-based metabolic indicator under pressurized conditions. Molecules. 2021;26(16):5020. doi: 10.3390/molecules26165020 EDN: EKGISH
  67. Krebs HA, Johnson WA. The role of citric acid in intermediate metabolism in animal tissues. In: Leicester HM. A Source Book in Chemistry, 1900–1950. Cambridge, MA and London, England: Harvard University Press; 1968. P. 383–390. doi: 10.4159/harvard.9780674366701.c143
  68. Chance B, Schoener B, Oshino R, et al. Oxidation-reduction ratio studies of mitochondria in freeze-trapped samples. NADH and flavoprotein fluorescence signals. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1979;254(11):4764–4771. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)30079-0
  69. Vekshin NL. Fluorescence spectroscopy of polymers. Pushchino: Foton–vek; 2008. (In Russ.) EDN: QKRGVT
  70. Krupatkin AI, Sidorov VV. Functional diagnostics of the microcirculatory-tissue systems: Oscillations, information, nonlinearity (Guide for physicians). Moscow: Book House “LIBROKOM”; 2013. ISBN: 978-5-397-03942-0 (In Russ.) Available from: https://rusneb.ru/catalog/000200_000018_RU_NLR_bibl
  71. Lukina MM, Shirmanova MV, Sergeeva TF, Zagaynova EV. Metabolic imaging in the study of oncological processes (review). Modern Technologies in Medicine. 2016;8(4):113–126. doi: 10.17691/stm2016.8.4.16 EDN: XVCEQD
  72. Syasin N, Borisova O. Auto-fluorescence, cellular respiration and modern possibilities of its non-invasive researches (review of literature). Journal of New Medical Technologies. eJournal. 2014;8(1):1–10. doi: 10.12737/3438 EDN: TJBINJ
  73. Bartolomé F, Abramov AY. Measurement of mitochondrial NADH and FAD autofluorescence in live cells. In: Weissig V, Edeas M, editors. Mitochondrial medicine. Methods in molecular biology. New York: Humana Press; 2015. P. 263–270. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2257-4_23
  74. Chacko JV, Eliceiri KW. Autofluorescence lifetime imaging of cellular metabolism: Sensitivity toward cell density, pH, intracellular, and intercellular heterogeneity. Cytometry Part A. 2018;95(1):56–69. doi: 10.1002/cyto.a.23603
  75. Croce AC, Ferrigno A, Bottiroli G, Vairetti M. Autofluorescence-based optical biopsy: An effective diagnostic tool in hepatology. Liver International. 2018;38(7):1160–1174. doi: 10.1111/liv.13753 EDN: YHTZHV
  76. Kolenc OI, Quinn KP. Evaluating cell metabolism through autofluorescence imaging of NAD(P)H and FAD. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling. 2019;30(6):875–889. doi: 10.1089/ars.2017.7451 EDN: MFBRIN
  77. Plettenberg HKW, Hoffmann M. Applicatons of autofluorescence for characterisation of biological systems (biomonitoring). Biomedizinische Technik/Biomedical Engineering. 2002;47(s1b):596–597. doi: 10.1515/bmte.2002.47.s1b.596
  78. Raghushaker CR, Chandra S, Chakrabarty S, et al. Detection of mitochondrial dysfunction in vitro by laser-induced autofluorescence. Journal of Biophotonics. 2019;12(11): e201900056. doi: 10.1002/jbio.201900056 EDN: MXSTGR
  79. Mayevsky A, Rogatsky GG. Mitochondrial function in vivo evaluated by NADH fluorescence: from animal models to human studies. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology. 2007;292(2):C615–C640. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.00249.2006
  80. Hosseini L, Vafaee MS, Mahmoudi J, Badalzadeh R. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide emerges as a therapeutic target in aging and ischemic conditions. Biogerontology. 2019;20(4):381–395. doi: 10.1007/s10522-019-09805-6 EDN: OUZOQD
  81. Lu HH, Wu YM, Chang WT, et al. Molecular imaging of ischemia and reperfusion in vivo with mitochondrial autofluorescence. Analytical Chemistry. 2014;86(10):5024–5031. doi: 10.1021/ac5006469
  82. Gooz M, Maldonado EN. Fluorescence microscopy imaging of mitochondrial metabolism in cancer cells. Frontiers in Oncology. 2023;13:1152553. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1152553 EDN: UKEUKS
  83. Warburg O. On the origin of cancer cells. Science. 1956;123(3191):309–314. doi: 10.1126/science.123.3191.309 EDN: ICRUGV
  84. Skala MC, Riching KM, Bird DK, et al. In vivo multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging of protein-bound and free nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in normal and precancerous epithelia. Journal of Biomedical Optics. 2007;12(2):024014. doi: 10.1117/1.2717503
  85. Walsh A, Cook RS, Rexer B, et al. Optical imaging of metabolism in HER2 overexpressing breast cancer cells. Biomedical Optics Express. 2011;3(1):75. doi: 10.1364/BOE.3.000075 EDN: RNCYRL
  86. Horvath KA, Schomacker KT, Lee CC, Cohn LH. Intraoperative myocardial ischemia detection with laser–induced fluorescence. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1994;107(1):220–225. Available from: https://www.jtcvs.org/article/S0022-5223(94)70474-0/fulltext
  87. Lagarto J, Dyer BT, Talbot C, et al. Application of time-resolved autofluorescence to label-free in vivo optical mapping of changes in tissue matrix and metabolism associated with myocardial infarction and heart failure. Biomedical Optics Express. 2015;6(2):324. doi: 10.1364/BOE.6.000324
  88. Lagarto JL, Dyer BT, Talbot CB, et al. Characterization of NAD(P)H and FAD autofluorescence signatures in a Langendorff isolated-perfused rat heart model. Biomedical Optics Express. 2018;9(10):4961. doi: 10.1364/BOE.9.004961 EDN: BSVTBF
  89. Lagarto JL, Dyer BT, Peters NS, et al. In vivo label-free optical monitoring of structural and metabolic remodeling of myocardium following infarction. Biomedical Optics Express. 2019;10(7):3506. doi: 10.1364/BOE.10.003506
  90. Papayan G, Petrishchev N, Galagudza M. Autofluorescence spectroscopy for NADH and flavoproteins redox state monitoring in the isolated rat heart subjected to ischemia-reperfusion. Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy. 2014;11(3):400–408. doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2014.05.003 EDN: SNDQOZ
  91. Xu ZH, Zhang ZX, Wang J, et al. Research on the autofluorescence spectroscopy of heart tissues. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis. 2009;29(6):1651–1655. doi: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2009)06-1651-05
  92. Arutyunyan AV, Cherdantsev DV, Salmin VV, et al. Intraoperative laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy in experimental pancreatitis. Siberian Medical Review. 2012;(5):20–24. EDN: PUIJBB
  93. Smelt MJ, Faas MM, de Haan BJ, de Vos P. Pancreatic beta-cell purification by altering FAD and NAD(P)H Metabolism. Journal of Diabetes Research. 2008;2008(1):1–11. doi: 10.1155/2008/165360
  94. Croce AC, Bottiroli G. Autofluorescence Spectroscopy for Monitoring Metabolism in Animal Cells and Tissues. In: Pellicciari C, Biggiogera M, editors. Histochemistry of single molecules. Methods in molecular biology. New York: Humana Press; 2017. P. 15–43. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6788-9_2
  95. Croce AC, Ferrigno A, Santin G, et al. Autofluorescence of liver tissue and bile: Organ functionality monitoring during ischemia and reoxygenation. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 2014;46(5):412–421. doi: 10.1002/lsm.22241 EDN: YFEZBF
  96. Ostrander JH, McMahon CM, Lem S, et al. Optical redox ratio differentiates breast cancer cell lines based on estrogen receptor status. Cancer Research. 2010;70(11):4759–4766. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-2572 EDN: XYGLIB
  97. Yu Q, Heikal AA. Two-photon autofluorescence dynamics imaging reveals sensitivity of intracellular NADH concentration and conformation to cell physiology at the single-cell level. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology. 2009;95(1):46–57. doi: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2008.12.010
  98. Ibrahim BA, Wang H, Lesicko AMH, et al. Effect of temperature on FAD and NADH-derived signals and neurometabolic coupling in the mouse auditory and motor cortex. Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology. 2017;469(12):1631–1649. doi: 10.1007/s00424-017-2037-4 EDN: YFOEWX
  99. Ivanov A, Zilberter Y. Critical state of energy metabolism in brain slices: the principal role of oxygen delivery and energy substrates in shaping neuronal activity. Frontiers in Neuroenergetics. 2011;3:9. doi: 10.3389/fnene.2011.00009 EDN: PGQRKZ
  100. Stuntz E, Gong Y, Sood D, et al. Endogenous two-photon excited fluorescence imaging characterizes neuron and astrocyte metabolic responses to manganese toxicity. Scientific Reports. 2017;7(1):1041. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-01015-9
  101. Ten V, Galkin A. Mechanism of mitochondrial complex I damage in brain ischemia/reperfusion injury. A hypothesis. Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience. 2019;100:103408. doi: 10.1016/j.mcn.2019.103408 EDN: LULBYE
  102. Yaseen MA, Sutin J, Wu W, et al. Fluorescence lifetime microscopy of NADH distinguishes alterations in cerebral metabolism in vivo. Biomedical Optics Express. 2017;8(5):2368. doi: 10.1364/BOE.8.002368 EDN: YEUJYJ
  103. Babkina AS, Sundukov DV, Golubev AM. Patterns of changes in the fluorescence of nadh and fad coenzymes and their relationship in skeletal muscle in the early post-mortem period (an experimental study). Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine. 2020;6(3):12–19. doi: 10.19048/fm318 EDN: NKMGLO
  104. Babkina AS, Sundukov DV, Golubev AM, et al. Determination of the fluorescence intensity of coenzymes NADH and FAD in the skeletal muscle of the rat depending on the post-mortem interval. Forensic Medical Expertise. 2020;63(1):31–35. doi: 10.17116/sudmed20206301131 EDN: EITKPV
  105. Babkina AS, Sundukov DV, Golubev AM. The forensic implications of the relationship between the proteolytic enzymes activity and the changes in NADH and FAD fluorescence intensity in skeletal muscle when determining the time of death (experimental study). Forensic Medical Expertise. 2021;64(3):24–28. doi: 10.17116/sudmed20216403124 EDN: CJHBDQ
  106. Suslin AA, Smirnov AV, Ryzhkov IA, Sundukov DV. Features of fluorescence of coenzymes NADH and FAD in rat skeletal muscle under conditions of experimental hypothermia. In: Proceedings of the VII All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference with International Participation “December Readings on Forensic Medicine at RUDN University: Current Issues in Forensic Medicine and Medical Forensics”. Moscow: Peoples' Friendship University of Russia; 2024. P. 316–320. EDN: AAQDIN

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
Download

Copyright (c) 2026 Eco-Vector

License URL: https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07
СМИ зарегистрировано Федеральной службой по надзору в сфере связи, информационных технологий и массовых коммуникаций (Роскомнадзор).
Регистрационный номер и дата принятия решения о регистрации СМИ: серия ПИ № ФС 77 - 81753 выдано 09.09.2021 г. 
СМИ зарегистрировано Федеральной службой по надзору в сфере связи, информационных технологий и массовых коммуникаций (Роскомнадзор).
Регистрационный номер и дата принятия решения о регистрации СМИ: серия ЭЛ № ФС 77 – 59181 выдано 03.09.2014 г.